AAPI

DELHI, March 2025

Index of this Newsletter

INDIA

INDIA & THE WORLD

21. India-Brazil Agriculture Cooperation: India, Brazil explore collaborations in digital agriculture
22. A New AI Weather Model is Changing How Energy is Traded
23. Govt to further reduce dependency on imported crude oil, promote domestic production: Minister
24. Trump Targets India’s Agricultural Market
25.1. Switching from Rice to Alternative Cereals Can Boost Farmer Incomes and Climate Resilience in India
25.1. India CO2 Emissions: India's per capita CO2 emissions among lowest in world as green energy capacity surges

* * *

DELHI, March 2025

NEWSLETTER, March 2025

INDIA

– GENERAL POLICY, INFRASTRUCTURES, COUNTRY FINANCES, ETC.

1. Revitalizing India's Cooperative Movement: The Role of the National Cooperative University

ET Gov, 10 Mar. 2025

Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah, on January 24, inaugurated the celebrations for the International Year of Cooperatives 2025 in Mumbai.

The Government of India’s initiative to establish a National Cooperative University through the Tribhuvan Sahkari University Bill 2025 underscores the urgent need to revitalize the cooperative movement. This ambitious step aims to create a standardized, pan-India cooperative education and extension ecosystem, ensuring the sector remains competitive, financially inclusive, and a key driver of economic growth.

The Power of Cooperatives in India

Cooperatives have profoundly transformed millions of lives across India, fostering financial independence and rural development. Imagine a village where farmers no longer rely on middlemen to sell their produce, dairy farmers manage their own processing units, and artisans receive fair prices for their crafts. Such success stories are made possible through a strong Cooperative Extension System (CES), which ensures that cooperatives function efficiently and sustain their growth.

Universities traditionally have three core mandates—education, research, and extension. While education and research are widely emphasized, the extension function, particularly in the cooperative sector, requires significant strengthening. A well-structured CES bridges the gap between theory and practice, enhancing the operational efficiency of cooperatives in agriculture, dairy, banking, and allied sectors.

The Two Pillars of the Cooperative Extension System

The CES operates through two key components:

The Regulatory System – Managed by cooperative departments, this ensures financial oversight, policy enforcement, and governance compliance.

Cooperative Unions – These include the National Cooperative Union of India (NCUI) and 34 State Cooperative Unions (SCUs), responsible for capacity-building, advocacy, and policy support.

As the apex body, NCUI plays a critical role in strengthening cooperative values, offering leadership training, and supporting policy formulation. States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana have successfully built robust cooperative frameworks, leading to financial independence, rural development, and employment generation. However, other states and Union Territories need a stronger institutional framework to expand cooperative values and enterprises.

Strengthening Cooperative Unions and the Institutional Framework

A well-organized cooperative system ensures seamless coordination across different levels, allowing government schemes, financial aid, and training programs to reach grassroots cooperatives. SCUs are instrumental in executing policies, implementing capacity-building initiatives, and educating cooperative members. However, inefficiencies arise due to a lack of coordination between primary cooperatives, district-level cooperatives, and SCUs, affecting fund flow, member engagement, and training programs.

To address these challenges, Cooperative Education and Training (CET) Institutes—including Vaikunth Mehta National Institute of Cooperative Management (VAMNICOM), Regional Institutes of Cooperative Management (RICMs), Institutes of Cooperative Management (ICMs), and Junior Cooperative Training Centres (JCTCs)—play a pivotal role. These institutions equip cooperative stakeholders with leadership skills, financial management expertise, and operational efficiency.

The proposed Cooperative University will enhance these institutions by:

Defining institution-specific training responsibilities.

Conducting impact assessments of training programs.

Introducing mandatory leadership training for cooperative officials before elections.

Incorporating modern digital tools, financial literacy, and business strategy into curricula.

Sector-Specific Training for Greater Impact

General cooperative education must be supplemented with sector-specific training. Institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India - College of Agricultural Banking (RBI-CAB), NABARD’s Bankers Institute of Rural Development (BIRD), and Agricultural Cooperative Staff Training Institutes (ACSTIs) offer specialized programs in banking, rural development, and financial services.

To improve training outcomes, the Cooperative University should facilitate close collaboration between CET institutes and sector-specific training organizations, ensuring that cooperative training aligns with industry needs.

Strengthening Sectoral Federations for Better Integration

Sectoral federations, functioning at state and national levels, provide crucial support to cooperatives by offering access to raw materials, financial aid, markets, and technological advancements. National federations such as the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED), the National Cooperative Consumers' Federation of India (NCCF), and the National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India (NCDFI) help primary cooperatives secure fair market access and competitive pricing.

However, integrating state- and district-level federations with national federations remains a challenge. The Cooperative University must involve sectoral federations in curriculum development and policy decisions, ensuring that cooperative professionals receive relevant and practical training.

A Data-Driven Approach to Workforce Development

A well-mapped cooperative extension workforce is essential for bridging skill gaps, improving training, and ensuring effective governance. By analyzing the ratio of extension workers to cooperative societies, policymakers can:

Identify workforce shortages and regional disparities.

Develop targeted training programs.

Optimize resource allocation.

Enhance professional development initiatives.

By strengthening recruitment strategies and incentivizing cooperative extension workers, India can cultivate a motivated and skilled workforce that directly contributes to the cooperative sector’s growth.

Conclusion: Unlocking the Full Potential of India’s Cooperatives

The establishment of the National Cooperative University marks a pivotal moment in India’s cooperative movement. By integrating academics, research, and extension services, the university will:

Strengthen district and state cooperative unions.

Enhance training institutions.

Align sector-specific training with cooperative education.

Foster collaboration with sectoral federations.

A dynamic and well-integrated Cooperative Extension System will ensure that cooperatives remain efficient, self-reliant, and globally competitive. Through continuous skill development and institutional collaboration, India’s cooperative sector can drive national development and rural prosperity, unlocking its full potential for economic and social empowerment.

(Dr. K.K. Tripathy is Economic Advisor, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; Dr. S.K. Wadkar is Advisor, National Cooperative Union of India; Views expressed are personal)

2. Towards a Viksit Bharat: Empowering women and supporting children through bold policies, reforms

ET Gov. 19 Feb. 2025

Rekha Sharma, Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, and former Chairperson, National Commission for Women

The Women Helpline (181) ensures 24/7 support, while the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme continues to change mindsets and promote the girl child’s welfare. Additionally, the Nari Adalat initiative is being piloted to provide alternative grievance redressal mechanisms at the grassroots level. These interventions collectively foster a safe and enabling environment for women.

This was stated by Rekha Sharma, Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, and former Chairperson, National Commission for Women, in conversation with Anoop Verma, Editor-News, ETGovernment. In the interview that follows, Rekha Sharma sheds light on Modi Government’s initiatives for empowering women and supporting children.

Edited excerpts:

The government has launched initiatives to combat malnutrition and anaemia among women and children. What is the impact of these programs?

The government, under the visionary leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has been firm in its commitment to eradicating malnutrition and anaemia. Through Mission Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, we have adopted a holistic, life-cycle approach to improve health, wellness and immunity. This initiative provides supplementary nutrition to children, pregnant women, lactating mothers and adolescent girls, ensuring they receive quality protein, healthy fats and essential micronutrients. The fortified rice distribution in Anganwadi centers and the emphasis on millet-based meals further strengthen our fight against malnutrition. These measures have significantly contributed to reducing the prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight children.

The Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) program has been a major step towards addressing anaemia. What is the strategy behind it? How do you see the effectiveness of this initiative?

Anaemia Mukt Bharat is an innovative and evidence-based program designed using the 6X6X6 strategy. It focuses on six target groups, including children, adolescents and women of reproductive age, and incorporates six critical interventions such as Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation, deworming and the provision of fortified foods. The program has ensured widespread awareness through intensive behaviour change communication campaigns. As a result, we are seeing a steady decline in anaemia prevalence, reinforcing the government’s commitment to improving maternal and child health.

Women-led development is a key agenda of the government. How are policies ensuring the safety, security and empowerment of women?

Women-led development will play a central role in achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047. Mission Shakti, one of our flagship initiatives, is a comprehensive framework for safety, security and empowerment of women. Under the Sambal sub-scheme, we have established One Stop Centres (OSCs) at the district level to provide immediate assistance to women in distress. The Women Helpline (181) ensures 24/7 support, while the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme continues to change mindsets and promote the girl child’s welfare. Additionally, the Nari Adalat initiative is being piloted to provide alternative grievance redressal mechanisms at the grassroots level. These interventions collectively foster a safe and enabling environment for women.

Economic empowerment is essential for women’s progress. What measures have been taken to support working women and mothers?

The government has implemented several initiatives to support working women and mothers. The Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana provides direct financial assistance of ₹5,000 for the first child and ₹6,000 for the second child if it is a girl, ensuring proper maternal care. The Sakhi Niwas scheme promotes safe and conveniently located working women hostels in urban and semi-urban areas. The Palna scheme provides high-quality daycare facilities, integrating Anganwadi infrastructure to offer reliable childcare support. These measures help women balance their professional and family responsibilities effectively.

Protecting and rehabilitating children in difficult circumstances is a crucial responsibility. How does the government ensure this?

Child welfare is a top priority for the government. Mission Vatsalya is designed to provide care, protection, rehabilitation and reintegration of children in difficult circumstances. Under this mission, financial assistance is provided to States and Union Territories for setting up and maintaining Child Care Institutions, ensuring institutional and non-institutional care. The government is committed to eliminating child labour through stringent legislative measures and awareness programs. The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act prohibits the employment of children under 14 in any occupation and enforces strict penalties for violations. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act mandates a security net for vulnerable children, ensuring their safety and well-being.

What role does community engagement play in these initiatives? How has it contributed to their success?

Community participation is a critical pillar of our strategy. Under Poshan 2.0, we have transformed nutrition awareness into a Jan Andolan (people’s movement). States and UTs actively conduct community-based events during Poshan Maah and Poshan Pakhwadas–Anganwadi workers engage with communities to promote better nutritional practices. This grassroots-level mobilisation has proven effective in changing behaviours and improving dietary habits. The Nari Adalat initiative empowers women at the Panchayat level to address grievances through mediation. These community-driven efforts ensure that government schemes reach the last mile and have a meaningful impact.

What message do you have for citizens regarding the government’s efforts in women and child welfare?

The Modi government believes that empowering women and ensuring child welfare are fundamental to the nation’s progress. Through robust policies and innovative programs, we have laid the foundation for a healthier, safer, and more empowered India. The success of these initiatives depends on collective participation. I urge every citizen to actively engage with these programs, spread awareness, and support the vision of Viksit Bharat. Together, we can build an India where every woman and child has the opportunity to thrive.

The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme has improved girls' education in Haryana. What are the new enrollment trends in secondary education?

As per UDISE+ data from the Ministry of Education, the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for girls in Haryana’s secondary schools has shown remarkable progress. From 79.86% in 2014-15, it rose to 92.99% in 2020-21 and further to 93.24% in 2021-22. This steady increase reflects the success of the government's efforts in promoting girls' education and ensuring their rightful place in classrooms.

3. NAKSHA: ₹194 cr IT-based property record admin system to be launched in 152 ULBs across 26 states, 3 Uts

ET Gov. 23 Feb. 2025

The end-to-end web-GIS platform will be developed by the Madhya Pradesh State Electronic Development Corporation (MPSEDC) and storage facilities will be provided by the National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI).

NEW DELHI: Union Minister of Rural Development and Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Shivraj Singh Chouhan will inaugurate the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 states and three Union Territories (UTs) at Raisen, Madhya Pradesh on Tuesday.

The Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, has initiated this pilot program. Union Minister of State for Rural Development & Communications, Dr Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani, Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Dr Mohan Yadav, Revenue Minister, Madhya Pradesh, Karan Singh Verma, Minister for Panchayati Raj and Rural Development, Prahlad Singh Patel, Narayan Singh Pawar, State Minister (Independent Charge) for Fisheries and Fishermen welfare and Minister In-charge, District Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, MLA, Sanchi, Prabhu Ram Chaudhary, Secretary, Department of Land Resources, Government of India, Manoj Joshi and other officials will be present on the occasion.

The occasion will be marked by flying of drones, launch of standard operating procedure (SoP) booklet, video and flyer on NAKSHA programme, flagging of WDC Yatra, screening of WDC video and playing of Watershed Anthem.

The NAKSHA program aims to create and update land records in urban areas to ensure accurate and reliable documentation of land ownership. This initiative will empower citizens, improve ease of living, enhance urban planning, and reduce land-related disputes. The IT-based system for property record administration will foster transparency, efficiency and support sustainable development.

The Survey of India is the technical partner for NAKSHA programme which is responsible for conducting aerial surveys and providing orthorectified imagery, through third party vendors, to state and Union Territory governments. The end-to-end web-GIS platform will be developed by the Madhya Pradesh State Electronic Development Corporation (MPSEDC) and storage facilities will be provided by the National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI). States and UT governments are scheduled to conduct field surveys and ground truthing using the orthorectified imagery, ultimately leading to the final publication of urban and semi-urban land records.

The NAKSHA pilot program is expected to cost approximately ₹194 crore, fully funded by the Government of India, the ministry added.

4. Rajasthan’s Investment Revolution: How the State is Turning MoUs into Real Industrial Growth

ET Gov. 1 Mar. 2025

By combining visionary leadership, strategic reforms, and technological innovation, Rajasthan is proving that investment commitments don’t just remain on paper—they turn into reality.

In recent years, Rajasthan has taken significant steps to reshape its economic landscape, positioning itself as a key player in India’s growth story. At the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Rajasthan Annual Session held in Jaipur on February 27, 2025, Ajitabh Sharma, IAS, Principal Secretary of Industries & Commerce and Chairman of RIICO, shared insights into the state’s vision for economic development.

His speech underscored the government’s unwavering commitment to fostering industrial growth and ensuring the effective execution of Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) signed during the Rising Rajasthan Global Investment Summit (GIS) 2024.

Success Through Strategic Action

As Ajitabh Sharma aptly stated, “Success is not accidental, while opportunities are.” The Rajasthan government understands that progress does not happen by default—it requires strategic planning, continuous effort, and timely execution. The state’s focus on industrialization and economic expansion is driven by this proactive mindset.

Through a well-defined strategy, the government is ensuring that MoUs signed with investors do not remain mere agreements but are transformed into real, impactful projects. “Default only leads to either regression or, at best, the status quo,” Sharma emphasized, highlighting the administration’s determination to turn promises into tangible results.

A Clear Vision for Growth

Achieving sustained economic success requires a focused vision and a comprehensive strategy. Rajasthan’s approach has been meticulously crafted through consultations with government agencies and the business community. This strategy aims to:

Create a business-friendly environment by addressing outdated regulations and infrastructure bottlenecks.

Accelerate approvals and streamline bureaucratic processes to ensure timely execution of projects.

Support micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), recognizing their vital role in inclusive economic growth.

While attracting large-scale investments remains a priority, the government is also ensuring that these investments benefit businesses of all sizes, contributing to balanced and sustainable development.

Driving Industrialization with Effective Implementation

One of the key priorities for the Rajasthan government has been the swift and efficient implementation of MoUs. The Rising Rajasthan Global Investment Summit 2024 resulted in over 11,000 MoUs across sectors such as renewable energy, manufacturing, and agro-processing. However, signing agreements is just the beginning—bringing them to fruition is the real challenge.

To ensure seamless execution, the government has:

Reduced approval times for large projects from 180 days to just 90 days.

Eliminated bureaucratic bottlenecks that often delay project implementation.

Enhanced interdepartmental coordination to prevent administrative roadblocks.

These reforms demonstrate Rajasthan’s commitment to not just attracting investment but making sure it translates into real industrial projects on the ground.

Technology-Driven Transparency

A major innovation in Rajasthan’s investment strategy is the introduction of an online tracking system that allows investors to monitor their projects in real time. This initiative has:

Enabled over 250 investors to track projects worth ₹2.5 lakh crore.

Reduced approval delays by 40%, improving investor confidence.

Ensured timely intervention by government officials to prevent project stagnation.

By integrating technology and transparency, the state has enhanced efficiency, making Rajasthan an attractive and reliable destination for investors.

Building Critical Infrastructure

A key challenge highlighted in Sharma’s speech was the development of essential infrastructure to support Rajasthan’s growing industrial base. One such initiative is the development of a transport industry cluster spanning 10,000 to 15,000 hectares.

Recognizing infrastructure as a major growth enabler, the government has taken proactive steps to fast-track development. Instead of waiting for lengthy approval processes, it independently initiated infrastructure projects, ensuring progress without unnecessary delays. This forward-thinking approach has helped stakeholders make quick decisions, setting the stage for future industrial expansion.

A Future Built on Action, Not Chance

As Rajasthan moves forward in its journey of economic transformation, its strategy remains clear:

Set a bold vision.

Develop a well-structured, data-driven strategy.

Ensure transparent and efficient implementation.

Ajitabh Sharma’s message was crystal clear—success doesn’t happen by chance; it is built through determination, meticulous planning, and unwavering execution.

With strong public-private collaboration, streamlined processes, and technology-driven governance, Rajasthan is not just inviting investment—it is ensuring that every opportunity is converted into real, impactful growth.

Looking ahead, the state remains committed to seizing every opportunity, overcoming every challenge, and cementing its position as a leading hub for industrial development in India.

Final Thoughts

By combining visionary leadership, strategic reforms, and technological innovation, Rajasthan is proving that investment commitments don’t just remain on paper—they turn into reality. With a business-friendly environment, rapid implementation, and investor-focused policies, the state is paving the way for a brighter economic future.

5. Empowering Pratapgarh: Moving towards sustainable growth, cultural preservation, women's empowerment

ET Gov. 19 Feb. 2025

Pratapgarh is leveraging its rich cultural heritage and natural resources for sustainable development. The district is focusing on ecotourism, modern agriculture, and industrial growth.

Technology-driven governance reforms have improved transparency, public services, and grievance redressal, making administration more citizen-friendly. Women's empowerment, artisan promotion, and long-term economic planning under Vision 2047 aim to enhance livelihoods and drive overall prosperity in the district.

This was stated by Anjali Rajoria, Collector & District Magistrate, Pratapgarh (Rajasthan), in conversation with ETGovernment’s Yagrica Repswal.

Edited excerpts:

Pratapgarh has a rich cultural and agricultural heritage. What initiatives are being undertaken to drive sustainable development and improve the quality of life?

Pratapgarh, a tribal sub-plan district, holds immense potential due to its rich cultural heritage and abundant natural resources. With 43% of its land covered by forests, the district administration is prioritizing ecotourism as a key driver of sustainable economic growth. While agriculture and animal husbandry remain primary occupations, modern farming techniques and high-yield seeds are being introduced to enhance productivity. As part of our Vision 2047, we are working to attract industrial investments and expand the service sector. By supporting ecotourism, improving agriculture, and growing industries, the district aims to create more jobs and promote overall development.

How is technology being used in Pratapgarh to improve transparency, public services, and infrastructure planning?

We have enhanced transparency by leveraging technology. We have introduced e-filing systems and online portals for seamless service delivery. Citizens can apply for schemes online, saving time and effort. To improve revenue accountability, we launched the Saanch App, ensuring all compulsory registerable documents are properly recorded. For grievance redressal, we conduct Janta Darbars, district vigilance meetings, and utilize the Sampark Portal and 181 call center, enabling residents to file complaints and provide feedback.

Our district has resolved 99.8% of grievances—one of the highest in the state—with an 83% satisfaction rate in Sampark Grievance Redressal. Helpline numbers are displayed across offices, and WhatsApp groups further streamline issue resolution. Most services fall under the Right to Services Act, with a Citizen Charter ensuring accountability. These efforts have made governance more transparent, efficient, and citizen-friendly.

Pratapgarh is known for its Thewa art, glass-inlay jewelry, Jeeravan, Hing, and rich tribal culture. How is the administration supporting local artisans and promoting ecotourism in the region?

Pratapgarh is famous for Mandana art, a traditional folk art practiced by women using geru soil. As part of the Vocal for Local initiative under the Government of India’s Aspirational Block program, we are actively promoting this art. Women are being trained, and a batch of skilled artists has already started painting an entire revenue village, decorating every house with Mandana motifs. We are also introducing Mandana art in merchandise like bedsheets, pillow covers, garments, and table covers, helping women generate sustainable income while preserving their cultural heritage.

Similarly, Thewa art—an intricate gold ornamentation on glass—is a prized craft of Pratapgarh. It is globally recognized, with pieces displayed in the London Museum and the Governor's House. As part of Panch Gaurav, a state initiative to promote five key district crafts, we support Thewa artists by providing training and exhibition platforms to showcase their artistry. These efforts help preserve and expand our rich cultural traditions.

Your podcast series features interviews with professionals from diverse fields to inspire and motivate others. What inspired you to start this initiative, and what impact do you hope to achieve through it?

I started this initiative to highlight the untold success stories of individuals who have worked exceptionally hard but haven’t had the platform to share their journeys. For Instance, an artist whose Mandana paintings are now displayed at the Governor’s House and the Rajasthan Dance Academy—her perseverance and talent needed recognition. Similarly, a young bowler from a humble background recently gained fame when Sachin Tendulkar and other top cricketers shared her bowling action. These stories of resilience and hard work are meant to inspire others in our community to chase their dreams

What key steps do you believe are essential to empower women and create more opportunities for their growth and leadership in society?

In the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) areas, women often face struggles due to social and cultural challenges, such as the practice of men marrying multiple times without legal divorce, which leaves women financially unstable. To address this issue, we have launched the Babul Ki Bitiya campaign. This initiative aims to empower women financially and socially by connecting them to self-help groups, helping them access government benefits like pensions, housing, and skill development, and supporting their education.

We also introduced Mission Navodiya, a program that trains women leaders from local Panchayats in self-defense and psychological counseling. These women then share their knowledge within their communities, fostering a culture of empowerment. By focusing on financial independence, education, and skill development, we are working to help women become more self-reliant, dignified, and equipped to build brighter futures for themselves and their communities.

What are your key areas of focus for bringing sustainable growth and prosperity to the district?

Our long-term vision aligns with the Prime Minister’s Viksit Bharat 2047 roadmap. To achieve sustainable economic growth, we have prepared a detailed Vision 2047 document focused on increasing per capita income and diversifying employment opportunities. Agriculture and horticulture, being the primary occupations, require modernization, and we are promoting advanced technologies to enhance productivity and farmer incomes.

Women’s development is a key focus area. We are aiming to bring financial independence through skill development, livelihood schemes, and better market access for crafts like Mandana art. Agriculture contributes nearly 50% to the economy, but we aim to reduce this by expanding the industrial and service sectors, particularly agro-based and renewable energy industries. We have signed MOUs with various industries and are working towards generating more employment in both public and private sectors. With a projected CAGR of 9%, we expect per capita income to increase fourfold by 2047, driving long-term prosperity.

- Agriculture, Fishing and Rural Development

6. Bridging the knowledge gap: Empowering farmers through personalized, data-driven insights

ET Gov. 17 Fev. 2025

As climatic uncertainties continue to rise, the need for resilient agriculture becomes more urgent.

Every year, Indian farmers grapple with numerous uncertainties - unseasonal rains, pest outbreaks, floods, droughts and cyclones. In the state of Odisha, where over 60% of its population relies on agriculture, the challenge is more pronounced. Over the past 50 years, the state has experienced natural calamities almost annually, creating a dual crisis: safeguarding farmers' livelihoods while minimizing the risk of food shortages.

Despite various interventions and continuous efforts, a significant gap persists between farmers and the information they need. This gap has two dimensions: access and relevance. Traditionally, information about new agricultural practices and government schemes is disseminated by Village Agricultural Workers (VAWs), who are responsible for approximately 2,500 farmers each.

This limits the timely delivery of crucial information to farmers. Furthermore, even when information reaches farmers, its relevance is often lacking. Each farmer’s circumstances- crops, geography, and challenges, are unique, requiring tailored, personalized insights rather than generic advice.

The Complexity of Agricultural Challenges

Agriculture in Odisha mirrors the state's diversity and complexity, with farmers facing vastly different challenges based on their geography. Those in flood-prone areas contend with issues distinct from farmers in hilly, less irrigated regions.

For instance, a paddy farmer battling an aphid infestation requires entirely different support than a vegetable grower managing limited irrigation resources. Generic, one-size-fits-all advice to farmers often fails to address these nuanced problems, leaving farmers vulnerable to crop losses and income instability.

In 2017, an aphid (pest) outbreak on the paddy crop in Odisha led to crop losses of up to 30% in affected areas. Such crises not only devastate individual livelihoods but also create ripple effects across the broader economy. This underscores the urgent need for timely, targeted interventions that equip farmers with relevant, actionable information to mitigate risks and secure their livelihoods.

Rethinking Agricultural Extension through Technology

To build resilience among farmers, a pivot is essential from one-size-fits-all solutions to personalized, data-driven insights. Leveraging technology can provide farmers with real-time, relevant, and actionable information, akin to a navigation app that guides them through uncertainties related to weather, pests, and market demands.

Odisha has made significant progress in this direction through the Krushi Samrudhi Advisory System, a digital platform delivering tailored advisories via Interactive Voice Response Systems (IVRS). These advisories are customized using data from Krushak Odisha, the state’s comprehensive farmer registry. The registry captures critical details such as farm plot location, crops grown during the Kharif and Rabi seasons, and additional activities like fisheries or livestock rearing.

This personalization ensures that two farmers with neighboring plots but differing crops or allied activities receive advisories specific to their unique circumstances, rather than generic guidance. By addressing individual challenges based on geography, crops, and activities, Krushi Samruddhi equips farmers with the targeted insights they need to make informed decisions and thrive despite uncertainties.

Making the Impact Real

Consider the case of another aphid outbreak that happened in January of 2023. Thanks to Krushi Samrudhi, farmers received targeted IVRS alerts with pest control measures, while extension workers provided on-ground support.

The result? Crop losses were limited to less than 2%, a stark contrast to the devastating 30% losses experienced during a similar outbreak in 2017. This example highlights the potential of personalized advisories to transform crises into manageable challenges. Another aphid outbreak hit the state of Odisha in January 2023. With the support of Krushi Samruddhi, farmers received targeted IVRS alerts detailing pest control measures, while extension workers offered on-ground assistance.

The outcome was remarkable: crop losses were contained to less than 2%, a dramatic improvement compared to the 30% losses experienced during the outbreak in 2017. This case demonstrates the transformative power of personalized advisories in turning potential crises into manageable challenges, safeguarding both livelihoods and agricultural productivity.

The Way Forward

This example illustrates the potential of governance that leverages technology with a user-centric approach. However, this is just the beginning. The next steps involve scaling these solutions, integrating advanced analytics like satellite data, developing robust AI tools to process the vast volumes of agricultural data, ensuring consistency across datasets by linking multiple federal systems, and achieving seamless last-mile connectivity.

As climatic uncertainties continue to rise, the need for resilient agriculture becomes more urgent. Odisha’s initiatives provide a strong blueprint, but they are not the ultimate destination. The key takeaway is clear: farmers require systems that truly understand their unique challenges and equip them with the tools to overcome them. Empowering farmers through personnalized, data-driven insights is no longer optional- it is an imperative for a sustainable future.

Asiafruit

8. First ever sea shipment of Indian pomegranates arrives in Australia

Asiafruit, 19 Feb. 2025

Successful commercial trial comes as India’s pomegranate exports see 20 per cent surge

In a significant milestone for India’s agricultural exports, the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has facilitated India’s first-ever commercial trial shipments of premium Sangola and Bhagwa pomegranates to Australia via sea.

The sea shipment, made in collaboration with AgroStar and Kay Bee Exports, follows successful air trials in 2024 which helped assess market demand.

The sea freight departed from India on 6 December 2024, and arrived in Sydney on 13 January 2025, with 5.7 tonnes of pomegranates sourced from the Solapur region of Maharashtra. Another commercial sea shipment carrying 6.56 tonnes of the Bhagwa variety arrived in Brisbane, Australia, on 6 January 2025.

The shipment’s timing was strategically aligned with Australia’s non-producing season, maximising market opportunities for Indian exporters.

APEDA chairman, Abhishek Dev, said the pomegranates received an overwhelmingly positive response in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne and had already led to requests for additional shipments.

“India’s agricultural export landscape is growing at an unprecedented pace, with fresh fruit exports surging by 29 per cent year-on-year. Pomegranates alone have seen a 20 per cent growth, demonstrating the immense potential of this segment,” Dev said. “The successful shipments of premium pomegranates to Australia marks India’s ability to supply high-quality fresh produce to discerning international markets. Through advanced traceability systems like ANARNET, we ensure that Indian agricultural products meet the highest global standards, enhancing consumer trust worldwide.”

Dev also emphasised APEDA’s role in securing and facilitating market access for Indian farmers.

“We are committed to supporting Indian farmers and agri-entrepreneurs by expanding into new and emerging markets,” Dev explained. “This success story paves the way for further collaborations and increased export volumes in the future.”

With the next export season beginning in September, APEDA said AgroStar’s INI Farms, Kay Bee Exports and other key players were poised to build on the success, ensuring a steady supply of Indian pomegranates to Australia.

9. NIT Rourkela uses Machine Learning to Assess Groundwater for Irrigation Sustainability

Team RuralVoice, Feb 22, 2025

A research team from National Institute of Technology Rourkela has used machine learning to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation in Sundargarh district, Odisha

Machine learning (ML) algorithms consisting of five tools are implemented in this current work for future prediction of the evaluated irrigation water quality indices from the available physiochemical GW quality data during 2014-21 for Sundargarh district. They are basically statistical and predictive analytics techniques for exhibiting relationship between the response variable and explanatory variables by application of some mathematical coding in various platforms. The primary advantage of ML techniques over human calculation lies in their ability to process training data, enabling them to generate accurate predictions in real-world applications.

Groundwater extraction in Sundargarh district of Odisha has been increasing due to growing agricultural demand, limited surface water availability, and population growth. This has resulted in reductions in both the quantity and quality of groundwater. Poor-quality water can affect crop yields and long-term soil fertility.

With agriculture being central to the local economy and surface water sources covering only 1.21% of the district, groundwater is essential to meet the irrigation needs of this area. Paddy, which occupies 76% of the net cultivable area, requires a large amount of water, making groundwater (GW) quality an essential factor for farmers.

In this context, Prof. Anurag Sharma, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NIT Rourkela, along with his research scholar Mr. Souvick Kumar Shaw, used advanced data analysis techniques to examine key water quality parameters and their variations across different parts of the district.

The study examined groundwater samples collected from 360 wells across Sundargarh. These samples were tested for various chemical properties, including salts and minerals that can influence soil and crop health. Machine learning models and statistical tools were applied to predict water quality trends and understand how conditions have changed from 2014 to 2021.

The findings indicate that groundwater in the southern, south-western and eastern parts of Sundargarh district, including areas around Rangaimunda, Lephripara and Putudihi is considered to be fit for irrigation. These regions showed stable groundwater quality with acceptable levels of dissolved salts and minerals along with the permissible range of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Percentage Sodium (%Na), Permeability Index (PI) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). However, the western and central parts of the district, particularly Krinjikela, Talsara and Kutra, and parts of Sundargarh town, have groundwater with comparatively higher concentrations of total dissolved solids and certain cations like sodium, calcium and magnesium, which may affect soil and crop productivity. If not managed properly, these conditions could lead to declining yields of potato and cucumber for this district.

One of the study's key findings is that important water quality indicators have been showing consistent patterns of increase/decrease over time. This suggests that some regions may experience a further decline in groundwater suitability.

The research identified Sodium (Na⁺), Chloride (Cl⁻), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Salinity (PS) as the most significant water quality parameters that affect the variability of groundwater quality in Sundargarh.

Speaking about the significance of the research, Prof. Anurag Sharma, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NIT Rourkela, said, "Machine learning allows us to move beyond static assessments and develop predictive models that help farmers and policymakers make proactive decisions. By integrating data-driven insights with traditional water management practices, we can create a more sustainable approach to irrigation and agricultural planning."

The developed model can be significantly used on across the country to assess groundwater stress for irrigation purposes. By evaluating the groundwater quality, informed decisions can be taken by the authorities on degrading water resource management. Additionally, it can provide real-time insights on waiter quality, enabling productive interventions to safeguard irrigation-dependent farming communities across the country.

The findings of this research has been published in the prestigious, Water Quality Research Journal, and can be accessed using the link.

10. Top 10 Richest Millionaire Farmers In India: A Lady Farmer Nituben Patel Tops

The List- Know Their Farming Techniques And Annual Earnings by Jagran English, 25 Feb. 2025

Top 10 Richest Millionaire Farmers In India: A Lady Farmer Nituben Patel Tops The List- Know Their Farming Techniques And Annual Earnings

Top 10 Richest Farmers Of India: India's agricultural landscape is abundant with farmers who have achieved extraordinary success by combining contemporary techniques, inventiveness, and perseverance. They cultivate a wide range of crops, including medicinal plants, fruits, vegetables, and spices. While some farmers utilize organic farming, others use cutting-edge techniques including drip irrigation, greenhouse farming, and hydroponics. In addition to bringing stability to their finances, their success encourages other farmers to use more intelligent farming techniques. These farmers have demonstrated that, with the correct information and commitment, agriculture can be both profitable and sustainable.

Let’s explore the top 10 richest farmers in India, and learn about the crops they grow, the techniques they use, and how they achieved their impressive success.

1. Nituben Patel

Nituben Patel richest farmer of india

A woman farmer from Gujarat's Rajkot area named Nituben Patel was named the "Richest Farmer of India" at the 2024 Millionaire Farmer of India (MFOI) Awards. She is the first female recipient of this distinction. Her modern farming methods, such as Magical Mitti and Amrut Krushi. In addition, she founded Sajeevan Life and the Sajeevan Foundation.

Key work: She is teaching more than 10,000 farmers about pesticide-free organic farming, organising an annual tree planting, and distributing 10,000 cotton bags to cut down on plastic.

Annual Turnover: 100 Crore+

2. Yuvraj Parihar

Yuvraj Parihar second richest farmer of india

At the same MFOI Awards 2024, Yuvraj Parihar of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, was recognised as the nation's second-richest farmer, or First Runner-Up. He believes in Technology and environmentally sustainable farming methods. His work has received recognition on a global scale, including an International Potato Conclave award in 2020 for Best Potato Grower. He also keeps encouraging the young farmers.

Annual turnover: 50 Crores

3. Harish Dhandev

Harish Dhandev, who switched from engineering to agriculture, is an expert at growing aloe vera. He has his processing facility and oversees over 100 acres of aloe vera cultivation, creating a variety of aloe-based goods.

Annual Turnover: Around ₹2.5 crore

4. Geena Bhai Patel

Richest Farmers of india 1 Geena Bhai Patel

Geenabhai is a differently-abled farmer from Gujarat who is known for his pomegranate farming. He has received several awards for his work, including the Padma Shri. He has inspired many other farmers to grow pomegranates in the arid Banaskantha district. He has experimented with drip irrigation to grow pomegranates in the region. Around 70,000 farmers have visited his farm to see how the fruit is grown.

Annual Turnover: 2 Crore

5. Sachin Kale

Richest Farmers of india Sachin Kale

In 2014, Sachin Kale left his corporate job to start Agrilife Solutions Pvt. Ltd., specialising in contract farming. Using modern farming methods, he works with more than 137 farmers to grow crops including paddy and seasonal vegetables on 200 acres.

Annual Turnover: Approximately ₹2 crore

6. Ram Saran Verma

Richest Farmers of india Ram Saran Varma

In 1990, Ram Saran Verma began with just 5 acres and gradually increased his holdings to over 200 acres. He uses contemporary methods to grow potatoes, tomatoes and bananas. His achievements were acknowledged in 2019 when he received the Padma Shri.

Annual Turnover: Over ₹2 crore

7. Ramesh Chaudhary

Richest Farmers of india.. Ramesh Chaudhary

With his headquarters in Jaipur, Rajasthan, Ramesh Chaudhary runs three polyhouses and a greenhouse with an emphasis on floriculture, tomatoes, and cucumbers. His creative strategy has brought in a sizable profit.

Annual Turnover: Over ₹2 crore

8. Vishwanath Bobade

Vishwanath Bobade, a native of Maharashtra's drought-prone Beed area, uses contemporary methods to produce abundant yields. Amazingly, from a single acre of property, he has made substantial earnings.

Annual Turnover: Approximately ₹1.75 crore

9. Pramod Gautam

Richest Farmers of india pramod gautam

Pramod Gautam was an automobile engineer before turning to farming on his 26-acre ancestral property in 2006. He grows a variety of crops like wheat, maize, and mustard and achieves considerable financial success by implementing modern techniques and a variety of cropping patterns.

10. Rajiv Bittu

Rajiv Bittu leased land in Kuchu village, which is close to Ranchi, in an attempt to influence his daughter's perspective. He gave the landlord a third of his produce despite the exorbitant rent. He produced well by using technologies such as drip irrigation. Having studied agricultural profitability, he now cultivates 32 acres and makes a good living.

Annual Turnover: Around ₹15-16 lakh

11. Farmer Producer Organizations: Centre achieves target of 10000 FPOs in 5 years; how they're contributing to prosperity of agricultural ecosystem.

ET Gov. 1 Mar. 2025

NEW DELHI: The Central Sector Scheme for “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on February 29, 2020. The scheme was launched with a budget outlay of ₹6,865 crore till 2027-28. Since the launch of the scheme, ₹254.4 crore in equity grants has been released to 4,761 FPOs and credit guarantee cover worth ₹453 crore has been issued to 1,900 FPOs.

Recently, on the occasion of the release of the 19th instalment of PM-KISAN in Bhagalpur, Bihar, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the 10,000th FPO. The 10,000th FPO has been registered in Khagaria district and focuses on maize, banana, and paddy.

FPOs are not just organizations but an unprecedented force to increase farmers' income and provide small farmers with direct access to significant market benefits, bargaining power and improving market access, the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare said in a statement on Friday.

Approximately 30 lakh farmers in the country are connected to FPOs, with around 40 percent of them being women. These FPOs are now conducting business worth thousands of crores in the agricultural sector.

Under this scheme, there is a provision for handholding support for a period of five years to each new FPO formed, and financial assistance to the tune of ₹18 lakh to each FPO under the scheme towards management cost for 3 years. Additionally, matching equity grant upto ₹2,000 per farmer member of FPO with a limit of ₹15.00 lakh per FPO and a credit guarantee facility upto ₹2 crore of project loan per FPO from eligible lending institutions to ensure institutional credit accessibility to FPOs.

What is an FPO?

Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) is a generic name, which refers to farmer-producers’ organization incorporated/ registered either under Part IXA of Companies Act or under Co-operative Societies Act of the concerned States and formed for the purpose of leveraging collectives through economies of scale in production and marketing of agricultural and allied sector.

The concept behind Farmer Producer Organizations is that farmers, who are the producers of agricultural products, can form groups. To facilitate this process, the Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) was mandated by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, to support the State Governments in the formation of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).

The “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)” scheme was launched with the main focus on leveraging economies of scale in production and marketing with a view to enhance productivity through efficient, cost effective and sustainable resource use for ensuring sustainable income-oriented farming, thus helping in reduction of cost of farm production and increase in farmers’ income.

Need for FPOs

Small, marginal and landless farmers face tremendous challenges during agriculture production phase such as for access to technology, quality seed, fertilizers and pesticides including requisite finances.

They also face tremendous challenges in marketing their produce due to lack of economic strength.

FPOs help in collectivization of such small, marginal and landless farmers in order to give them the collective strength to deal with such issues. Members of the FPO will manage their activities together in the organization to get better access to technology, input, finance and market for faster enhancement of their income.

Objectives

To provide holistic and broad-based supportive ecosystem to form 10000 new FPOs to facilitate development of vibrant and sustainable income-oriented farming and for overall socio-economic development and wellbeing of agrarian communities.

To enhance productivity through efficient, cost-effective and sustainable resource use and realize higher returns through better liquidity and market linkages for their produce and become sustainable through collective action.

To provide handholding and support to new FPOs up to five years from the year of its creation in all aspects of management of FPO, inputs, production, processing and value addition, market linkages, credit linkages and use of technology, etc.

To provide effective capacity building to FPOs to develop agriculture entrepreneurship skills to become economically viable and self-sustaining beyond the period of support from the government.

Convergence of Ministries for FPOs in India

Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare: Supports FPOs in getting seed, pesticides and fertilizer licenses, and helps in providing dealership through Agri Input companies. With this assistance, FPOs are able to work as dealers/distributors and generate income. The Ministry also supports FPOs by linking them to Institutional buyers and through ecommerce platforms like ONDC, e-NAM etc.

Ministry of Food Processing: Support for FPOs through financial outlays, such as providing credit-linked capital subsidy @ 35% of the eligible project cost, 50% financial grant for branding and marketing.

Ministry of Micro & Small Enterprises: Special provisions for FPOs such as access to funds in the form of FPO management cost, equity grant and credit guarantee facility apart from capacity building trainings, marked and credit linkages.

Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying: Benefits and schemes tailored to FPOs, such as "Supporting Dairy Cooperatives and Farmer Producer organizations engaged in dairy activities" with a total allocation of Rs. 500 Cr during 2021-22 to 2025-26.[14] Additionally, forming and promoting 100 Fodder Plus FPOs through NDDB (National Dairy Development Board).

APEDA (Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority): APEDA provides assistance to APEDA registered FPOs for export and MSME under its scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI), which provides assistance for setting up enterprises.

Spices Board: The Sustainability in Spice Sector through Progressive, Innovative and Collaborative Interventions for Export Development (SPICED) scheme is designed to expand area and improve productivity of Cardamom (small & large). It also aimed at generating an exportable surplus of quality spices through post-harvest improvement, export promotion of spices, increasing the share of value-added spices in the export basket, evaluating compliance of export consignments with applicable standards of quality and safety, capacity building & skill development of stakeholders, etc.

Services and Activities undertaken by FPOs

The FPOs provide and undertake following relevant major services and activities for their development:

Supply quality production inputs like seed, fertilizer, pesticides and such other inputs at reasonably lower wholesale rates.

Make available need-based production and post-production machinery and equipment like cultivator, tiller, sprinkler set, combine harvester and such other machinery and equipment on custom hiring basis for members to reduce the per 2 unit production cost.

Make available value addition like cleaning, assaying, sorting, grading, packing and also farm level processing facilities at user charge basis on reasonably cheaper rate. Storage and transportation facilities may also be made available.

Undertake higher income generating activities like seed production, bee keeping, mushroom cultivation, etc.

Undertake aggregation of smaller lots of farmer-members’ produce; add value to make them more marketable

Facilitate market information about the produce for judicious decision in production and marketing

Facilitate logistics services such as storage, transportation, loading/un-loading etc. on shared cost basis.

Market the aggregated produce with better negotiation strength to the buyers and in the marketing channels offering better and remunerative prices.

Initiatives under the scheme

Credit Guarantee Fund: FPOs need finance, both grants and loans, to quickly establish input collectivisation, working capital, marketing and improved services to member farmers. Considering FPOs' need for credit from formal financial institutions, a dedicated Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF) has been created under the Central Sector Scheme for Formation and Promotion of 10,000 FPOs. CGF provides credit guarantee cover to financial institutions for extending loans to FPOs.

ONDC platform: Almost 5 thousand out of 8,000 registered Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have been registered on Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) portal for selling the produce online to consumers across the country. The onboarding of FPOs on ONDC to reach out to their buyers in any part of the country is in line with the Central government objective of providing growers with better market access. The move aims to empower FPOs with direct access to digital marketing, online payment, business-to-business and business-to-consumer transactions.

MoU to convert 10,000 FPOs into CSCs: An MoU between CSC SPV (Common Services Centres Special Purpose Vehicle) and Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer's Welfare was signed to convert FPOs registered under ‘Formation & Promotion of 10,000 FPOs scheme’ into CSCs and help them to deliver citizen-centric services. As per the MoU, 10,000 FPOs will be converted into CSCs. CSC SPV will enable them to provide the services that are available on the Digital Seva Portal. The delivery of CSC services through FPOs is aimed at increasing employment opportunities in rural areas.

FPOs provide special focus to include small, marginal and women farmers/women SHGs, SC/ST farmers and other economically weaker categories etc. as members to make FPOs more effective and inclusive.

How to Apply

FPOs/FPCs can register on e-NAM Portal via website (www.enam.gov.in) or mobile app or providing following details at nearest e-NAM mandi:

Name of FPOs/ FPCs

Name, address, email Id and contact no. of authorized person (MD/CEO/Manager)

Bank account Details (Name of Bank, Branch, Account no. IFSC Code)

The Way Forward

Formation & promotion of FPOs is the first step for converting Krishi into Atmanirbhar Krishi. The successful formation of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) under the Central Sector Scheme marks a transformative milestone for the agriculture sector.

By fostering collectivization, enhancing market access, and providing financial and institutional support, this initiative has empowered millions of small and marginal farmers, including women and economically weaker sections.

This achievement not only boosts agricultural productivity and income but also contributes to rural job creation and economic resilience. As India moves forward, the continued support and expansion of FPOs will be instrumental in shaping a self-reliant, efficient, and prosperous agricultural ecosystem, the ministry added.

- Industry and Manufacture

11. Sawai Madhopur: Advancing growth, empowering local economy, promoting sustainable tourism

ET Gov. 20 Feb. 2025

“Sawai Madhopur's development priorities are related to agriculture, balanced tourism and human capital. The district is leveraging the Delhi-Mumbai Expressway for growth. In the local institutions, education initiatives like Bhavishy Ki Udaan and Mission Shikshan Samvad are contributing towards improvement in school infrastructure and the enhancement of student confidence. Sustainable tourism, rural employment programs and women empowerment efforts ensure inclusive and long-term progress for the district.”

This was stated by Shubham Choudhary, Collector & District Magistrate, Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan, in conversation with ETGovernment’s Yagrica Repswal.

Edited excerpts:

What are the key development priorities for Sawai Madhopur in the coming years. What are the administration’s plans to complete these development initiatives?

The key development priorities for Sawai Madhopur, in my view, lie in strengthening agriculture, fostering balanced tourism, and investing in human capital, particularly education and healthcare. The region has great potential for growth in these areas, especially with the enhanced connectivity provided by the Delhi-Mumbai Expressway. This infrastructure development is a significant positive step, and I am confident it will attract substantial investment, particularly through programs like Rising Rajasthan. With continued focus, these priorities are well within reach in the near future.

What new education initiatives are being implemented in Sawai Madhopur to improve learning and school infrastructure?

Bhavishy Ki Udaan was launched to encourage community participation in school development. Villagers have actively contributed over ₹28 crores in donations, helping upgrade infrastructure, build ICT labs, and provide essential resources like furniture and books. This initiative has fostered a strong sense of ownership and collaboration.

Meanwhile, Mission Shikshan Samvad focuses on student expression and confidence building. Schools are stocked with age-appropriate books, and students borrow one every two weeks. They then present a 3-5 minute speech about it, improving their public speaking and communication skills—key for job interviews and future careers. To further support students, we conduct mock exams, helping them gain confidence and prepare for competitive exams. These initiatives go beyond academics, equipping students with essential life skills and ensuring holistic development for a brighter future.

Sawai Madhopur is home to world renowned Ranthambore National Park. How is the district balancing tourism and wildlife conservation?

Ranthambore has always been popular as a tourist destination. In the recent period, there has been further enhancement of its popularity. With this, there is also a growing need for responsible tourism. The park is divided into 10 zones, with five zones closed for three months to allow nature to thrive. Only about 20% of the park is open to visitors, and a limited number of vehicles are allowed daily to ensure a balanced ecosystem. Our forest laws protect the core and buffer zones, but I believe tourists play a crucial role too. By being mindful and respectful, we can preserve Ranthambore’s incredible wildlife and natural beauty for generations to come.

What steps are being taken to improve rural employment and livelihood opportunities?

The primary economic activities in Sawai Madhopur revolve around agriculture, horticulture, and tourism. Considering the region’s traditional occupations, public interest, and geographical strengths, I believe we should further enhance opportunities in these sectors. For instance, we have a Center of Excellence under the Horticulture Department that conducts various training programs to help farmers diversify into non-traditional crops.

In tourism, there is great potential to promote local crafts and support MSMEs, which are the major employment generators. We are working on infrastructure development and cluster-based support for artisans. A great example is Bonli, a village known for its exquisite marble idols, now recognized under the Panch Gaurav initiative as part of the One District, One Product program. Our focus is on expanding livelihood opportunities and promoting rural employment, ensuring sustainable economic growth for the people of Sawai Madhopur.

What steps do you believe are essential to empower women and create more opportunities for their growth and leadership?

I believe financial independence is key for women, and confidence is the first step towards it. When women are confident, they can achieve financial independence, which further boosts their self-esteem. To build this confidence, we launched Mission Nedar, which offers self-defense classes for schoolgirls and encourages them to visit police stations. Over 28,000 girls have visited police stations, gaining the confidence to report crimes like harassment and violence. This initiative helps them learn about career opportunities in the police and administration, empowering women and creating job opportunities in leadership roles.

What is your long-term vision for Sawai Madhopur? What areas do you aim to focus on to ensure the district’s sustainable growth and prosperity?

I believe the two key pillars for progress and peace are sustainable development, with a strong focus on education and health. Investing in these areas is crucial for long-term growth. Studies have shown that investing in human capital yields one of the highest returns. My goal is to provide equal and inclusive opportunities in education and health for all citizens of Sawai Madhopur, ensuring sustainability while balancing the natural environment. By prioritizing these sectors, we can build a more prosperous and equitable future for everyone in the community.

12. Bharat Tex 2025 accelerates 'Farm to Fibre, Fabric, Fashion, and Foreign Markets' vision: Govt

ET Gov. 20 Feb. 2025

NEW DELHI: Bharat Tex 2025, India's largest global textile event, was held from February 14 to 17, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. The event spanned 2.2 million square feet and featured over 5,000 exhibitors, providing a comprehensive showcase of India's textile ecosystem. More than 1,20,000 trade visitors, from 120+ countries including global CEOs, policymakers, and industry leaders, attended the event.

Bharat Tex 2025 served as a platform to accelerate the government's "Farm to Fibre, Fabric, Fashion, and Foreign Markets" vision. India’s textile exports have already reached ₹3 lakh crore, and the goal is to triple this to ₹9 lakh crore by 2030 by strengthening domestic manufacturing and expanding global reach. The event demonstrated India's leadership in the textile sector and its commitment to innovation, sustainability, and global collaboration, the Ministry of Textiles said in a statement on Tuesday.

Defining Achievements of Bharat Tex 2025

India's Textile Industry: A Key Driver of Economic Growth

India is the sixth-largest exporter of textiles globally, contributing 8.21% to the country's total exports in 2023-24. The sector holds a 4.5% share in global trade, with the United States and European Union accounting for 47% of India's textile and apparel exports.

From an employment perspective, the textile industry provides direct employment to over 45 million people and supports the livelihoods of over 100 million individuals indirectly, including a large proportion of women and rural workers. It aligns with key government initiatives such as Make in India, Skill India, Women Empowerment, and Rural Youth Employment, reinforcing its role in inclusive economic development.

The government's focus on increasing textile manufacturing, modernizing infrastructure, fostering innovation, and upgrading technology has strengthened India’s position as a global textile hub. Bharat Tex 2025 provided a platform to showcase these advancements while promoting sustainable and high-value textile production.

Supportive Policy Framework

Vested by forward-thinking government initiatives, the Indian textile sector is set to spin a remarkable tale of innovation, fortitude, and economic flourishing in the years to come. With the support of proactive policies, the industry is primed to unleash creative potential, demonstrate resilience, drive economic growth etc.

Prime Minister Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (PM MITRA) Parks Scheme Creating an Integrated Textiles Value Chain

7 mega textile parks with an expected investment of USD 10 Bn are being set up with world class infrastructure, plug and play facilities and an integrated ecosystem.

Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

Boosting manufacturing of MMF fabrics, Apparel & Technical Textiles

Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme with approved incentives of INR 10,683 crore (~USD 1 Bn) to promote production of MMF Apparel, MMF Fabrics and Products of Technical Textiles Samarth Building Capacity, addressing skill gaps in the textile value chain

The scheme is a demand-driven and placement-oriented program across the textile value chain. In addition, various States have their own skilling/training support schemes.

National Technical Education, Training

Promoting Technical Textiles - towards USD 300 Bn by 2047

National Mission to support and promote Research, Innovation and Development, Education Training, Skill development and Market Development in Technical Textiles

Liberal State Policies

Generous support & incentives by state governments/ Union Territories - Capital support, wage and skilling incentives, power and water support

To boost the textile industry, the Ministry of Textiles, in the 10th Empowered Programme Committee (EPC) meeting, approved four Start-Ups under the ‘Grant for Research & Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles (GREAT)’ scheme, granting each INR 50 Lakhs for innovations in Medical, Industrial, and Protective Textiles.

Additionally, three educational institutes, including IIT Indore and NIT Patna, received INR 6.5 Crores to introduce specialized courses in Geotextiles, Geosynthetics, and Sports Textiles, aiming to strengthen technical expertise in the sector. Further, 12 Skill Development Courses in Medical, Protective, Mobile, and Agriculture Textiles, developed by SITRA, NITRA, and SASMIRA, were approved to provide industry-focused training across the textile value chain.

Global Textiles redefined from India to the World

Bharat Tex 2025 is where India’s rich textile heritage meets modern innovation, setting the stage for global textile leadership. As the world’s youngest and largest global textile show, it’s a platform for forging partnerships and driving economic growth.

It serves as a premier platform for industry leaders, manufacturers, exporters, and innovators, bringing together key stakeholders from across the textile sector. The event facilitates collaboration among manufacturers, exporters, and importers, providing them with an opportunity to showcase their expertise, cutting-edge innovations, and latest collections to a global audience.

Focused Zones for Focused Business

Intelligent Manufacturing

Intelligent manufacturing is revolutionizing the textile industry by integrating advanced technologies and data-driven approaches to improve efficiency, quality, and innovation. This transformation leverages automation, artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced analytics to modernize traditional textile production processes.

Technical Textile

Technical textiles are revolutionizing the textile industry in India by offering innovative solutions across various sectors. These specialized fabrics are designed for specific performance attributes and applications, ranging from automotive and aerospace to healthcare and construction. With a growing emphasis on technology and research, India is positioning itself as a global leader in this field, leveraging its strong textile heritage and advanced manufacturing capabilities.

Home Textile

India's home textile sector is known for its rich traditions and craftsmanship, with various regions specializing in unique textile techniques and patterns. Gujarat is renowned for its vibrant and intricate embroidery, while Kashmir is famous for its luxurious woollen shawls and rugs. This diversity reflects India's extensive heritage and expertise in textile production.

Fabrics

India is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of fabrics, catering to both domestic and international markets. The sector is characterized by a mix of large-scale industrial manufacturing and small-scale artisanal production, reflecting a vibrant tapestry of innovation and tradition. Major fabric hubs in the country include Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and West Bengal, each known for its unique textile specialties.

Apparel & Fashion

In India, the apparel and fashion industry is a major economic driver, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. The country is renowned for its rich heritage in textiles and traditional craftsmanship, including intricate handloom fabrics, embroidery, and dyeing techniques. India's apparel sector is characterized by a vibrant blend of traditional and contemporary styles, catering to diverse consumer preferences both domestically and internationally.

Handloom

India's handloom sector is renowned for its variety of textiles, including intricate saris, shawls, scarves, and other woven items. Each region of India boasts distinct handloom traditions and techniques. For example, the Banarasi silk from Varanasi, the Kanjeevaram silk from Tamil Nadu, and the Jamdani from West Bengal are highly esteemed for their quality and craftsmanship. These textiles often feature elaborate patterns, vibrant colors, and traditional motifs, making them highly sought after both domestically and internationally.

Handicrafts & Carpets

The handicraft and carpets sector in India is a vibrant and culturally significant component of the country's artisan economy, renowned for its rich heritage and exceptional craftsmanship. This sector encompasses a wide range of products, from intricate handcrafted textiles and decorative artifacts to exquisite hand-knotted carpets. Each region in India contributes its unique traditions and techniques, resulting in a diverse array of products that reflect the country's artistic diversity.

A key attraction of the event was "Indie Haat," held from February 12 to 18, 2025, at the National Crafts Museum and Hastkala Academy, New Delhi. It showcased over 80 different types of handcrafted and handwoven products, created by 85 artisans and weavers from various states. Indie Haat underscored India's vast handloom and handicraft traditions, aligning with the government’s vision of promoting rural artisans.

Breathing Threads: Fashion Show at Bharat Tex 2025

The office of the Development Commissioner for Handlooms, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India organized a fashion event titled "Breathing Threads" to feel the pulse of craftsmanship, honour a living legacy, and witness the timeless elegance of Indian handlooms in modern silhouettes.

The beauty of handloom and the brand's mission align with sustainability and a zero-waste strategy, reflecting the living habits of Indian villages. The event attracted international buyers and key stakeholders, reinforcing India's potential in sustainable fashion and craftsmanship.

Bharat Tex 2024: A Landmark Event

Bharat Tex 2024 set the stage for India's emergence as a global textile powerhouse, bringing together 3,500+ exhibitors, 3,000+ overseas buyers, and over 1,00,000 visitors from across the world. Covering an expansive 2 lakh sq. meters, Bharat Tex 2024 featured 50+ knowledge sessions, fostering discussions on global trade, innovation, and industry transformation.

The event played a pivotal role in reinforcing India's position as a key player in the global textile supply chain. Its success laid a strong foundation for Bharat Tex 2025, which scaled new heights in exhibitor participation, international collaboration, and industry impact.

Weaving Tomorrow: India’s Textile Revolution

Embodied in a vibrant tapestry of timeless craftsmanship and pioneering innovation, the Indian textile industry stands at the threshold of a resplendent future. With each passing year, it continues to evolve—leveraging cutting-edge technology, embracing sustainability, and setting global trends.

As it forges ahead, the industry is not only preserving its rich heritage but also redefining excellence through research-driven advancements and digital integration. With a strong commitment to sustainability and a vision for global leadership, India’s textile sector is poised to shape the future of fashion, technical textiles, and intelligent manufacturing, reinforcing its position as a key driver of economic growth and innovation on the world stage, the ministry added.

13. Project Management: Lessons from Taj Mahal, Sheesh Mahal and Many Public Projects in Between

ET Gov. 24 Feb. 2025

The royal firmaans (directives) issued by the Mughal emperor enabling procurement of Makrana marble for construction of the Taj Mahal make for an interesting read: they exhort the mine owners to provide all necessary assistance to the firmaan-holder(s) for purchase of the former’s best marble on priority, while promising to the latter—the firmaan-holders—full reimbursement of such costs.

The Taj Mahal project was thus conceived of as a combination of multiple service (labour) contracts, materials purchase contracts and quite likely, several “time and materials” (T&M) contracts as well: the last one being a method that forms the foundation of almost every historic public project worldwide—from construction of pyramids in Egypt, to impressive fort-building in Rajasthan that originally began as draught-relief measures, to the commissioning of massive painting and sculpting works in the Vatican.

However, the T&M method quickly became unsuitable for public projects on account of multiple problems with ensuring adequate oversight and consequent spiralling of construction costs; and perhaps its only vestiges still in use in public domains in India are to be found in the realm of very small value contracts such as those for minor building repairs or for spot purchases of transport and travel services.

That having been said, conceptual insights from T&M contracting continue to inform, in modern times, clauses for stage-wise payments in the case of government consultancy contracts—with periodic payments after first draft; after various stages of stakeholder feedback; and upon final submission of a report—thus intertwining effort-based reimbursement that is fundamental to T&M procurement within cost ceilings imposed by the traditional L1 (least price technically acceptable) method of procurement.

On the other side, the Sheesh Mahal project in Delhi—a case of government residential property redevelopment—has attracted immense controversy recently; and is now firmly the centre of national attention in India because of a seemingly scathing audit report: prima facie, the project appears to be a case of egregious extra items and additional items contracting and of extreme inflammation of project costs. While almost every state in India, including six states with dedicated procurement legislation in place, have some kind of guidance on how much extra or additional costs can be loaded to an already awarded public contract without the need for initiating a fresh procurement process, the core issue of disciplining project costs itself appears to thus far have escaped requisite attention from procurement policy makers.

This problematic situation seems to have occurred because of three primary reasons: firstly, there are no effective restraints on upward revision of an original A&F (administrative and financial) sanction for a given public project—while a government department can typically enhance, on its own, sanctioned project costs up to 110% of the original sanctioned amount, their ability to enhance original A&F sanctions is virtually infinite if exercised with the concurrence of willing finance departments.

Secondly, there is no effective rule or legislation that forces a state executive to seek prior approval from its legislature before incurring public expenditure in excess of original budget sanctions, especially in the absence of strong legislation such as the Anti-Deficiency Act in the US. And last but not the least, while most state finance departments have routinely issued orders directing total A&F sanctions in a department not to exceed, say 1.5 to 2 times of approved budgetary outlays, they themselves mostly choose to either ignore or enable newer and excessive sanctions that have an adverse effect of squeezing limited financial resources of a state, but enhance manifold the subjectivity, and hence the latent “power” of state governments, including state finance departments themselves, in directing fund flows to flavour-of-the-day public projects, rather than ensuring prioritisation of already committed liabilities.

The 2021 Comprehensive Reforms on Procurement and Project Management in India

The last event, in turn, has the effect of causing severe payment anxiety in public projects—something that causes both higher bidding costs to cater for payment uncertainties, as well as delays in timely completion of projects because of inherent illiquidity. It is interesting that when this last cause-and-effect relationship caught the attention of India’s Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) a few years back—led by bold and visionary political leadership that has remained steadfastly focussed on timely competition of public projects—the Finance Ministry in 2021 lost no time in constructing insightful guidance on the subject. This exercise by the latter’s Expenditure Department—one that was refreshingly inclusive and stakeholder consultation-based, eventually resulted in an extremely comprehensive and one of the strongest procurement reform circulars on the subject, covering important operational aspects ranging from pre-availability of land and statutory clearances; sub-contracting; risk- and cost -based award of stalled/ incomplete projects; prompt payment of contractor dues; substitution of key personnel in consultancy contracts; and arbitration/ dispute resolution.

Moving Forward to Newer Reform Measures

Within this context, post the Sheesh Mahal controversy already being enquired into by India’s Central Vigilance Commission, the situation appears to be now perfectly ripe for a “Take#2” rollout of the 2021 Finance Ministry guidance. Potential areas for extension could include adding timely payment requirements for government departments rather than de-facto limiting payments reforms to PSUs and corporations; ensuring interest payments for late but due payments; and tighter controls on extra- and addition-item contracting and on continuous A&F cost revisions.

A newer but important area for procurement reforms, given the PMO’s strong focus on timely competition of public projects, could be Prompt Payments Act kind of rule-making in India, along the lines of mandatory rules in the US and voluntary industry codes in Australia, where prime contractors are legally obligated to make further settlement of their outstanding liabilities with their sub-contractors within reasonably short period of payment from a procurer to the primes. Such a rule, while forcing timely payment disciplines vertically down to sub- and lower tiers, also provides procuring departments with deep and invaluable insights of fund flows within a prime contractor’s ecosystem, thus allowing identification and rectification of important implementation problems that may lie within a prime contractors ecosystem but otherwise may have severe implications for timely rollout of public projects.

Another way forward, for ensuring government-wide reforms across India, could be for the Finance Ministry to leverage its unique position within India’s public financial system to drive similar procurement reforms across state and local governments, instead of limiting project management reform to central entities alone, thus ensuring a more wholesome positioning of India as a world leader in professional management of public projects.

14. Crowd Management System Will be Deployed at 60 Railway Stations

ET, 11-Mar. 2-025

In the wake of the stampede in February at the New Delhi railway station that claimed 18 lives, the government has decided to implement complete access control —where only passengers with confirmed tickets are allowed on to platforms —and establish holding areas to manage large crowds at 60 designated stations, railway minister Ashwini Vaishnaw said in Rajya Sabha on Monday.

Vaishnaw moved the Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2024 that seeks to amend the Railways Act, 1989 in the Rajya Sabha on Monday. The Bill, already passed by Lok Sabha, was approved by the Upper House after a debate.

The minister assured the House that reports of CCTV cameras being shut down after the February 15, 2025 stampede at the New Delhi station are false.

“Any accident is a tragic event and this is not an issue for political point-scoring… Following this incident, a decision has been made to implement complete access control at 60 railway stations and establish holding areas to manage large crowds during peak times. A pilot project has already been initiated at New Delhi, Anand Vihar, Varanasi, Ayodhya and Ghaziabad stations,” Vaishnaw said, replying to the debate on the Bill.

He informed the House that the crowd management system deployed during the Maha Kumbh and the Chhath Puja earlier will be permanently implemented at these 60 stations.

“A decision has been made to enforce 100% access control at these 60 stations, meaning only passengers with confirmed tickets will be allowed on to platforms… At overcrowded stations, tickets will be issued only according to the available seats in the train, so that the issue of overcrowding can be controlled,” Vaishnaw said.

15. 5 New IITs to Add about 200x5 BTech Seats Per Year, Centre Mulls Timelines

ET, 11 Mar. 2025, PTI

Each of the five newer IITs —Tirupati, Dharwad, Palakkad, Jammu, and Bhilai — are expected to add 200 new undergraduate seats annually for the next five years, as per latest discussions in the Union education ministry.

This will nearly double the current student intake at the newer IITs, which have typically offered admissions to 250-280 students in the last few academic sessions.

In 2024, among the newer IITs, IIT Dharwad stood out with 385 seats on offer against 200 at IIT Palakkad, 250 plus at IIT Tirupati and around 280 at both IIT Jammu and IIT Bhilai. Overall, this will increase the annual intake at BTech level- across these IITs- by nearly 1,500 seats every year, officials in the know said.

The Union budget 2025 has paved the way for adding 6,500 new undergraduate seats at five IITs in a phased manner.

Currently, 23 IITs admit over 17,700 students at undergraduate level— a figure that will go over 24,000 in the next five years.

The ministry, in fact, has also been looking at ways to increase seats from this year itself, but that may prove challenging given that the capacity expansion has been tied to infrastructural upgrade as well.

“While it is desirable to increase seats right away…there are logistical issues. To accommodate 200 additional students, newer IITs will need to expand residential and classroom space quickly. Then also getting adequate faculty to meet the IIT Faculty Student ratio can be a challenge. So while some increase is being considered this year as well, it is more likely to take off only in 2026”, an official with knowledge of the deliberations told ET.

The Education ministry is learnt to be holding rounds of discussions with the IITs on infrastructure upgrade requirements, funding needed and implementation timelines for the same.

With the budgetary allocation for IITs moving up from Rs 10,324 crore in 2024 to ₹11,349 crores in 2025 budget, the 9.92% increase is expected to help the newer IITs create facilities to accommodate more students. However, even with the seat expansion planned, there is a long way to go— in terms of the growing student pool and need for quality technical education associated so strongly with the country’s IITs.

As per 2024 data, less than 50,000 students made it to IITs against over 12 lakh students in the fray.

Governments and its several committees have also been alive to the need for seat expansion at the 23 IITs, especially in the light of increasing exam pressure and coaching culture around the Joint Entrance Examination.

The 2016 meeting of the IIT Council had , in fact, announced plans to push up IIT seat intake to one lakh by 2020— a target far from achievement even in 2025.

There are good reasons too.

While funding is a constraint- typically, government expenditure per seat/student amounts to well over ₹6 lakh per annum; there are other concerns as well. Challenges in infrastructure upgradation apart, the difficulty of finding quality faculty has also been plaguing the IITs.

- Services (Education, Healthcare, IT, R&D, Tourism, etc.)

16. Apollo Hospitals to add 3,000 beds at an investment of ₹6,000 crore in next 3 years: Sangita Reddy

22 Feb. 2025, by Timsy Jaipuria

Apollo Hospitals to add 3,000 beds at an investment of ₹6,000 crore in next 3 years: Sangita Reddy.

To cater to the growing need of medical infrastructure in the country, Apollo Hospitals is looking at adding 3,000 more beds in India in next three years at an investment of around ₹6,000 crore.

Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Joint Managing Director Sangita Reddy, in an exclusive interview with CNBC TV18, shared the group’s plans, the new initiatives to adapt AI and technology to provide better treatment to the patients, and much more.

Q. As you said, 3,000 beds will be added. What sort of investment are you looking at?

A: This is something that we will bring out. Each bed these days ranges between ₹1.5-2 crore approximately.

Q. Where you will be building these new hospitals?

A: We definitely have something coming up in Mumbai. Gurgaon will be opening soon. Hyderabad has one. Chennai has a large facility coming up and Bengaluru is the next one.

Q. Are you considering any expansion in tier-II and new upcoming areas? We recently saw Medanta announcing new hospitals in Lucknow, for example.

A: In Lucknow, we already have a wonderful facility and we have always been in tier-II. We've also gone to tier-III.

If you go from Karimnagar to Kakinada to Karikudi to Vijaywada to Vishakapatnam, all these are cities have our facilities because we've always tried to bring healthcare within everyone’s reach.

17. Indian hospitality boom: Demand to outstrip supply in next 3-4 years, says report

Newsable Asianet News, 23 Feb. 2025

The demand in the Indian hospitality sector will outpace supply over the next three to four years, as the sector witnessed a sharp rebound post-pandemic and recorded a outstanding performance over the past three years, according to a report by Yes Securities. "We believe the uptrend is likely to continue over the next 3 years, though the increase will be more gradual. This is because of sustained momentum in demand, which is expected to outpace supply growth. At an industry level, over FY24-29E, demand is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.4 per cent vs. a supply CAGR of 9 per cent," the report added.

The overall industry is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.4 per cent from FY24 to FY29, outpacing supply growth at 9 percent, the report says.

As per the report, the MICE demand is also expected to grow, supported by India's rising global significance and new infrastructure like convention centers in cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, and Jaipur.

These developments will boost demand for both rooms and event spaces, further enhancing the hospitality sector's performance, the report adds.

18. Shaping the future of education with tech-led personalised learning, upskilling, robust research infra: DG ERNET

ET Gov. 24 Feb. 2025

"AI is helping to improve education in India by making learning more personalised, democratic, accessible, and inclusive. Advanced technologies like AI make it easier to understand and grasp concepts through virtual modelling and visualisation, resulting in better engagement with the content and retention. With the proliferation of digital infrastructure and connectivity across the country, the gap between urban and rural education ecosystems and accessibility is reducing. Also, AI helps in teacher training and introducing new pedagogies improving content and delivery."

This was stated by Sanjeev Banzal, Director General, Education and Research Network (ERNET) India, in conversation with ETGovernment’s Adarsh Som.

Edited excerpts:

What are the major challenges that you see in technology deployment in the education sector?

Deploying technology in remote areas has its own set of challenges. These range from geographical limitations, and logistical challenges to the lack of apt infrastructure, operational challenges, unavailability of long-term technical support, and so on. Besides, issues like low digital literacy, skill gap, and unawareness about data privacy and security, further weigh on the challenges in the effective deployment of projects.

ERNET India is involved in deploying and implementing technology solutions, primarily in the education sector. Our major focus is to bridge the digital divide in rural and inaccessible areas of our country through robust IT and connectivity solutions. Despite the setbacks, we have effectively implemented ICT solutions to improve access to education and enhanced learning through strategic planning, training programs, effective communication, collaboration, and innovative solutions.

What are some notable ICT implementations from ERNET for educational institutions pan-India?

ERNET India has implemented numerous ICT solutions for institutions in the country. Under the Tele Education Project, we have commissioned Smart Virtual Classroom (SVC) Infrastructure in over 3,250 classrooms for more than 50 District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs) across nine states. We have achieved an award-winning feat by deploying e-classroom infrastructure in government medical colleges under the National Medical College Network (NMCN) project. For this feat, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) conferred ERNET India with the accolade. We executed the project in 50 medical colleges across 25 states and four union territories.

In addition, ERNET India also operates a satellite-based VSAT network in C-band to provide connectivity to government-led education and research institutions that are remotely located across the country and do not have reliable connectivity in their region. The VSAT network stays unaffected in poor weather conditions like rain making it highly reliable and capable of providing continuous uptime. The network provides seamless communication and connectivity, almost year-long, even in difficult terrains and far-flung areas of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands, and the North Eastern states of India.

Moreover, we successfully deployed the Free Space Optics (FSOC) link in Nagaland establishing a seamless high-speed connectivity between Kohima Secretariat and Kohima Science College. The FSOC is an optical communication technology that transmits data through an invisible, high-intensity beam of light. It leverages Near Infrared at a wavelength of 1550nm and a frequency of about ~2x1014 Hz.

We are enabling Intelligent Educational Infrastructure (SMART) at Eklavya Model Residential Schools while providing internet connectivity to foster the growth and development of tribal students and bridging the digital divide through our technology deployments.

How is AI playing a key role in empowering education in India?

AI is helping to improve education in India by making learning more personalised, democratic, accessible, and inclusive. Advanced technologies like AI make it easier to understand and grasp concepts through virtual modelling and visualisation, resulting in better engagement with the content and retention. With the proliferation of digital infrastructure and connectivity across the country, the gap between urban and rural education ecosystems and accessibility is reducing. Also, AI helps in teacher training and introducing new pedagogies improving content and delivery.

ERNET's web portal domain registration was launched in Jan 2024 by Secretary, MeitY. How have you been faring on that front?

ERNET India is an exclusive registrar for domain name registration concerning education and research facilities under the .in registry. Since 2005 we have registered third-level domain names like ac.in, edu.in, res.in, विदया. भारत, शिक्षा.भारत, and शोध.भारत under the .in registry.

At present, ERNET India has more than 18,000 domains on its web registration portal. To provide quality services to our domain users, we have developed an integrated domain portal and integrated online payment, DNS services, and other offerings like Website-as-a-Service, (WaaS) and Learning Management-as-a-Service (LMaaS). Besides, any domain user can create their customised website and LMS portal with few clicks and minimal technical expertise. Also, we provide web-hosting infrastructure on the cloud and web hosting-as-a-service on both sharing and dedicated modes to various academic, research institutions, and government departments.

What are critical areas in education, especially in the government domain, and how is the private sector enabling the government ecosystem?

The Indian education system, particularly within the government domain, faces some critical challenges. Government departments need to improve some key areas such as the availability of proper infrastructure, providing quality education, training and development programs, connectivity issues, access to equal opportunities, and more.

The private sector companies, especially startups working in sectors like AI, are coming up with advanced solutions/services for the education system. The government encourages the deployment of such solutions and collaborates with the private sector to leverage their expertise in functional areas like e-learning, skill development, AI adoption, and digital governance.

Undoubtedly, technology companies are playing a crucial role in transforming India’s education system by enhancing infrastructure, quality, and accessibility. IT firms also support skill development programs in emerging technologies, aligning education with industry needs. Through AI, data analytics, and cybersecurity initiatives, they help modernise education management while ensuring data privacy. Moreover, public-private partnerships (PPPs) enable advanced facilities and capacity-building for educators, while EdTech innovations personalise learning experiences. These efforts complement government initiatives, making education more inclusive, tech-driven, and future-ready.

How do you see the future of the Indian education sector shaping up in the coming decade?

The education sector in the coming decade is poised for transformative changes, driven by rapid technology advancement, evolving learning needs, and global trends. This transformation has the potential to reshape the landscape of education in India. Some trends that will impact the education sector include:-

Personalised learning: With the increasing adoption of AI, Virtual Reality (VR), and other emerging technologies, education will become more personalised and accessible. AI-powered tools will allow for tailored learning experiences, where students can learn at their own pace, receive immediate feedback, and focus on their areas of interest.

Expansion of digital education and hybrid models: By harnessing digital platforms, India has the potential to offer quality education to students in rural and remote areas, bridging the educational divide. Expanding access to quality online education and providing skill development opportunities through digital means could make India a global hub for accessible and inclusive learning.

Emphasis on skills-based education: The future of education will increasingly focus on upskilling, especially in technology, critical thinking, and problem-solving. India's large youth population offers immense potential for leveraging this demographic dividend by offering skills-based education aligned with the demands of the modern workforce.

Focus on research and innovation: A strong education system also requires a robust research ecosystem. India’s investments in research and development will play a crucial role in driving innovation and thought leadership in education. By strengthening higher education institutions and encouraging interdisciplinary research, India can foster a culture of innovation that helps solve global challenges and contributes to the body of knowledge worldwide.

19. Tribhuvan Sahkari University Bill ‘25: Enhancing cooperative education, training, research, policy development

ET Gov. 24 Feb. 2025

In a historic move to strengthen India’s cooperative sector, the Government of India has introduced the Tribhuvan Sahkari University Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha. This bill seeks to transform the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) into the Tribhuvan Sahkari University as an institution of national importance dedicated to cooperative education, training, research, and policy development.

Announced way back on 25 September 2021, the university’s establishment comes at a pivotal moment, as 2025 marks United Nations’ International Year of Cooperatives (IYC 2025). It also aligns with the Ministry of Cooperation (MoC)’s ongoing initiatives to deepen the cooperative movement, enhance governance quality, and modernize cooperative enterprises. By fostering capacity building, research, and policy innovation, the university will serve as a strategic pillar supporting India’s cooperative ecosystem.

Why a Cooperative University?

Education and skill building are critical to ensuring sustainability within cooperatives. However, cooperative organizations and their economic potential are rarely integrated into mainstream formal education. While cooperatives are recognized as key players in India's economic development, general and specialized knowledge about their success potential remains limited.

Although some universities in Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu offer cooperative management programmes, there is no standardization in cooperative education and research. Many countries developed innovative educational models—ranging from early childhood education to technical and vocational training—to strengthen cooperative movements.

Education, training, and information also form the fifth of seven golden cooperative principles, as proclaimed by the International Cooperative Alliance. While cooperative models have gained prominence as a more sustainable and inclusive way of doing business, a cooperative university in India has the potential to contribute to global thought leadership on cooperative economics, linking India’s experiences with the global cooperative movement. The National Cooperative University is expected to address diversified education and training needs of India's cooperative sector.

The cooperative education structure needs consolidation and quality benchmarking. The university will bring in synergy among all national, international, and local institutions that provide cooperative education and training to diverse institutions of National Cooperative Union of India, National Council for Cooperative Training, National Dairy Development Board, National Cooperative Development Corporation, and Junior Cooperative Training Institutions of State Cooperative Unions and State Cooperative Departments.

The Tribhuvan Sahkari University bill aims at providing comprehensive education and training for all cooperative stakeholders, supporting ongoing research and policy development towards quality governance and management, integrating cooperative education into mainstream academia and fostering international collaborations to align with global best practices.

Cooperative Values with Quality Education

The university will play a dual role—promoting the global knowledge sharing and strengthening the MoC’s existing and upcoming initiatives. With 8.5 lakh cooperatives and over 30 crore members, initiatives like formation of three new multi-state national cooperative societies in seeds, organic, and export marketing—require a strong academic and research base to drive innovation and policy refinement by creating a cadre of professional managers and skilled workers. Tribhuvan Sahkari University will fill this gap, serving as an academic and policy powerhouse for the cooperative movement.

Further, the university will act as a centre for ‘Education on Cooperation and Cooperatives’ and highlighting the role of cooperatives in poverty reduction, employment generation, and sustainable development, besides playing a key role in addressing emerging challenges like climate change, conflict and war, global health issues, environmental degradation, migration, inequalities in wealth distribution, etc. It will facilitate the promotion and formation of cooperatives in new and emerging areas addressing the contemporary challenges by creating a robust cooperative extension network.

The university will bridge the knowledge gap by providing undergraduate and postgraduate courses, diplomas, and management development programmes in multi-sector cooperative businesses. Through its affiliated institutions spread across pan-India, it will (a) guide higher education institutions, stand-alone cooperative institutes, and regional cooperative training centres; (b) organize management training, research, consultancy, and policy dialogue programs; (c) function as an intellectual hub for both credit and non-credit cooperative activities; (d) develop new cooperative education models, ensuring quality and relevance in a changing socio-economic landscape.

Enhancing Governance and Institutional Synergy

The university will act as a policy think tank for the Ministry of Cooperation and shall support it in implementing the initiatives of the Union and the States. It will work with technical institutions and public and private agencies and cooperative banks’ training centres to develop synergized training programmes for cooperative stakeholders.

It will support all these existing institutions in training officials from Registrar of Cooperatives offices, cooperative leaders, members and managers at all levels. It will revamp cooperative education curricula to ensure that training is aligned with modern business practices and governance standards.

Advocating Supportive Policy Environments

The university will play a critical role in legal research, helping refine cooperative laws, and recommending future reforms. Its collaboration with state cooperative departments, national cooperative federations, cooperative universities across the globe and international cooperative alliances will enhance global knowledge-sharing and policy advocacy.

Inspiring Youth and Engaging Next Generation Cooperative Leaders

The university will introduce specialized degree programmes to encourage youth engagement in cooperatives, particularly in rural development, agri-business, cooperative finance, and digital cooperatives. It will establish an incubation centre for cooperative startups, supporting the Ministry’s push for new-generation cooperatives in IT, energy, export, and organic farming. Research fellowships and student exchange programs will attract young professionals into the cooperative sector, ensuring long-term leadership continuity.

The university will engage students in cooperative education from an early stage, creating a pipeline of future cooperative leaders. It will establish student fellowships, cooperative entrepreneurship incubators, and industry-academia collaborations to make cooperative careers more attractive. Through international collaborations, the university will ensure that Indian cooperatives align with global best practices.

Expectations from the Cooperative University

The Tribhuvan Sahkari University aims to set the foundation for a knowledge-driven, globally competitive cooperative sector. While conducting sectoral research studies would lead to enhancing business competitiveness and sustainability of cooperatives, the need is to identify emerging themes and sub-themes for all-inclusive training and education programmes in India’s cooperative sectors backed by rightful assessment of training and education needs of cooperative enterprises.

Secondly, the university needs to focus on innovation, collaboration and capacity building. It needs to foster innovation and Research and Development through mutual collaborations and networking with cooperative enterprises, industry bodies, and academia and facilitate integration between human resource planning and capacity building, ensuring that cooperative institutions, training centres, and cooperative enterprises are aligned with national development goals.

Thirdly, industry readiness and employability need to be key parameters of the university’s success. There needs to be an in-built mechanism to ensure that students, trainees, and degree holders from the university are industry-ready and employable within cooperatives, government agencies, and cooperative support organizations and cooperative training curricula are aligned with global best practices and the evolving business landscape to enhance cooperative governance, financial sustainability, and digital adoption.

Fourthly, standardization and modernization of cooperative education and training are the need of the hour. The university needs to identify, review, and evaluate the structure, content, and frequency of education, training, and capacity-building programs and develop updated core contents for cooperative training and research, ensuring alignment with modern cooperative needs and digital transformation.

Fifthly, to institutionalize cooperative training and education, one needs to define and discuss the role of universities and colleges teaching cooperation at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, besides mainstreaming cooperative education, training and capacity-building programmes through a feasible collaborative framework among training institutions, industry, and government bodies.

Sixthly, we need to identify prerequisites for sustainability and institutionalization of cooperative training, education, and research within cooperative development processes by formulating a Cooperative Education Policy which could ensure inclusion of women, youth, and marginalized communities in education, training and research programmes. One of the major goals of the policy could be to promote entrepreneurial development and self-reliance among cooperative members through specialized skill development initiatives.

As the world celebrates IYC 2025, the Tribhuvan Sahkari University Bill, 2025, stands as a landmark initiative that advances cooperative visibility, growth, policy advocacy, and youth engagement. The Bill is expected to undergo parliamentary discussions in the coming weeks, shaping the future of cooperative education and governance in India. The time has come to professionalize cooperative managers and workforce by accordingly requiring attention to quality cooperative education, training and research to realize the country's vision of “sahkar se samridhi”.

(The authors are Economic Advisor, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, and Advisor, National Cooperative Union of India; Views expressed are personal)

20. High-speed Data Transmission: IIT Delhi researchers develop high-speed, self-powered photodetector for next-gen optical communication

ET Gov. 10 Mr. 2025

This newly developed MSIM-type novel photodetector overcomes the limitations of conventional Si and GaAs-based photodetectors, which require high biasing voltage and lack flexibility.

NEW DELHI: Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) have developed an advanced photodetector that could revolutionize high-speed optical communication, the institute said in a media release on Monday.

The study, led by Dr Rakesh Suthar (Postdoctoral Researcher) and Suryakant Singh, under thesupervision of Prof. Supravat Karak, Organic and Hybrid Electronic Device Laboratory, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, has been published in Advanced Functional Materials Part of this work was conducted at Nagoya University under the JSPS Invitational Fellow program in Prof. Kunio Awaga’s group.

Photodetectors are essential for optical communication, converting light signals into electrical signals for

high-speed data transmission. Unlike conventional devices that require external power and suffer from signal loss, the newly developed Metal-Semiconductor-Insulator-Metal (MSIM) photodetector operates without an external power source while offering ultra-fast response and high sensitivity across visible to near-infrared (NIR) light.

This newly developed MSIM-type novel photodetector overcomes the limitations of conventional Si and GaAs-based photodetectors, which require high biasing voltage and lack flexibility. Instead, it leverages photo-induced displacement current, improving response time and efficiency.

Using polymer PM6, acceptor Y6, and a dielectric parylene layer, the device generates fast transient photocurrent signals with opposite polarity under light ON/OFF cycles, making signals inherently more distinguishable. The device also achieved a remarkable cutoff frequency of 5.6 MHz, outperforming many existing organic photodetectors, it said.

Additionally, the MSIM photodetector successfully demonstrated real-time infrared (IR) communication using ASCII codes, proving its potential for high-speed data transfer. Its self-powered nature, combined with high sensitivity and fast response, makes it a promising candidate for energy-efficient optoelectronic applications.

Prof. Supravat Karak from the Department of Energy Science and Engineering, IIT Delhi, emphasized the significance of this innovation, stating, “Our goal was to develop a high-speed, self-powered photodetector that can advance next-generation optical communication systems while ensuring energy efficiency.”

Dr. Rakesh Suthar added, “This research highlights the potential of organic semiconductors in developing energy-efficient and ultra-fast optoelectronic devices, significantly enhancing high-speed communication and sensing technologies.”

The developed technology holds great promise for applications in quantum technology, particularly for single-photon detection and high-frequency communication. Further assessments of this technology will be conducted under the “Quantum Mission” project, led by IIT Delhi and funded by DST, it added.

India and the World

21. India-Brazil Agriculture Cooperation: India, Brazil explore collaborations in digital agriculture

ET Gov. 17 Fev. 2025

Governor Ronaldo Caiado, of the state of Goias, Brazil, meets Bhagirath Choudhary, Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare at Krishi Bhawan in New Delhi on Friday.

NEW DELHI: Governor Ronaldo Caiado, of the state of Goias, Brazil, met Bhagirath Choudhary, Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare at Krishi Bhawan in New Delhi on Friday. The meeting provided a valuable opportunity to strengthen the bilateral relationship between India and Brazil, and to further explore the areas of bilateral trade and cooperation in sugarcane, ethanol and pulses, R & D, innovation and digital agriculture, the official statement by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer's welfare noted.

As per the official statement, MoS Choudhary underscored that India and Brazil share a very close and multifaceted relationship both at the bilateral as well as multilateral forums. He expressed that the Governor's visit will help enhance bilateral cooperation by strengthening the existing initiatives and exploring new areas of collaboration, increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and contributing to the overall well-being of citizens of both India and Brazil.

Governor Ronaldo Caiado stated that India and the State of Goias share several similarities and both regions benefit from a rich agricultural landscape and a climate conducive to farming. This common ground creates opportunities for collaboration through knowledge and technology exchange and capacity-building initiatives. By working together, both countries can enhance agricultural practices and strengthen their mutual development in these areas, the statement observed.

Ajeet Kumar Sahu, Joint Secretary (International Cooperation) also informed the delegation about various initiatives by the government including crop insurance, agriculture credit and development of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in agriculture.

According to the statement, the Brazilian delegation was composed of high-ranking officials from the State of Goias, alongside key representatives from prominent industries. From the Indian side, the meeting was attended by the Joint Secretary (IC), Advisor (Digital Agriculture), Advisor (Trade), ADG (IR), ADG (Food and Fodder Crops), ADG (Commercial Crops) and other senior officers from the Ministry.

22. A New AI Weather Model is Changing How Energy is Traded

ET, 10 Mar. 2025

At midnight every day in Bologna, Italy, rows of supercomputers inside a former tobacco factory start churning through millions of measurements to predict how the Earth’s weather will change.

Six hours later, energy traders all over Europe rise and refresh their browsers to get the most updated outlook. Those mainframe-generated forecasts are often the biggest factor helping them make money by knowing where and when to move energy around the power grid — but a new model that runs on artificial intelligence is threatening to make them obsolete. Unlike standard weather simulations, which only crunch information from satellites, sensors and the like, the AI model from Europe’s intergovernmental forecasting centre also feasts on historical data. Before its release late last month, the centre tested the new method against its conventional model produced in Bologna and found the AI more accurately predicted temperature, precipitation, wind and tropical cyclones, all with less computing energy.

The model is poised to help traders in Europe and around the world make quicker moves in power and natural gas markets convulsed by extreme weather, geopolitics and fluctuations in renewable sources. It’s a technology that could help minimise energy gluts and shortfalls in the world’s fastest-warming continent, as well as provide information key to deciding where wind and solar farms should be built.

“We can update our information set more often than we are used to” because of the advances in AI weather models, said Daniel Borup, CEO of Danish trading firm InCommodities A/S. “That obviously leads to improvements in our predictions. It allows us to improve our job and distribute energy better.”

Like its traditional outlook, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ new system — the first AI model released by a major prediction centre — estimates temperatures, wind speeds and solar power two weeks in advance. But its improved accuracy means companies and policymakers can move faster on critical weather-related decisions, from canceling rail service to routing ships around storms and dispatching trucks to spread sand on icy roads, according to the centre.

That degree of forecasting prowess will could prove essential to managing market volatility. The upgrade is a radical shift away from the standard approach of using supercomputers to crunch millions of measurements to recreate a snapshot of the atmosphere’s physics, and then fast-forwarding the model to predict how the weather will change.

AI FORECASTING

Unlike standard weather simulations, the AI model from Europe’s intergovernmental forecasting centre feasts on historical data.

23. Govt to further reduce dependency on imported crude oil, promote domestic production: Minister

ET Gov. 12 Mar. 2025

Union Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister, Hardeep Singh Puri, stated recently that India is considering raising its goal to blend ethanol with gasoline to more than 20 per cent.

NEW DELHI: The government has taken various measures to reduce the dependency on imported crude oil and to promote domestic production of oil and gas, the Parliament was informed on Monday.

Various steps have been taken by government and public sector undertakings (PSUs) oil marketing companies (OMCs) to address issues related to fuel pricing, the impact of global crude oil prices, and to mitigate the burden on consumers, Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Suresh Gopi, told the Rajya Sabha in a written reply.

The reduction of central excise duty by the Central government by a total of Rs 13 per litre and Rs 16 per litre on petrol and diesel respectively, in two tranches in November 2021 and May 2022, which was fully passed on to consumers.

Some state governments also reduced VAT rates to provide relief to citizens. In March 2024, OMCs also reduced the retail prices of petrol and diesel by Rs 2 per litre each, across the country, the minister said.

The government also insulated common citizens from high international prices by diversifying the crude import basket, invoking the provisions of Universal Service Obligation to ensure availability of petrol and diesel in domestic market and increasing the blending of ethanol in petrol, etc.

Union Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister, Hardeep Singh Puri, stated recently that India is considering raising its goal to blend ethanol with gasoline to more than 20 per cent.

Also, intra-state freight rationalisation by PSU OMCs has benefitted consumers located in remote areas within the states. This initiative has also reduced the difference between the maximum and minimum retail prices of petrol or diesel within a state.

The subsidised domestic LPG cylinder is made available to more than 10.33 crore PM Ujjwala Yojana beneficiaries, across the country.

A few state governments are also providing some additional subsidies on LPG refills and bearing the additional cost from their respective budgets.

Oil and Gas PSUs have already announced their target dates for Net Zero status and developed plans for the same.

The government has also notified the "Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan - Vatavaran Anukool Fasal Awashesh Nivaran) Yojana", to provide financial support for integrated bio-ethanol projects aimed at setting up advanced Biofuel projects in the country using lignocellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock.

24. Trump Targets India’s Agricultural Market

Rural Voice, 11 Mar. 2025, Dr Biswajit Dhar

Hours before Prime Minister Narendra Modi met President Donald Trump in the White House, the US President announced the “Fair and Reciprocal Plan” on trade, in which he explicitly targeted India for the first time. Though India had indirectly been targeted earlier when President Trump had imposed 25% tariffs on steel and aluminium, two products in which the US is India’s largest export market, this is the first time that India was identified as a country that was adversely affecting US’ interests. The stated objective of the “Fair and Reciprocal Plan” is to restore “fairness in US trade relationships” and to counter “non-reciprocal trading arrangements”.

Explaining the rationale for initiating this measure, the Presidential Memorandum argued that the US is one of the most open economies, imposing import tariffs that are among the lowest in the world. The US also imposes fewer barriers to imports than other major world economies, but its partner countries impose import tariffs on their imports from the US. Further, US products face “unfair, discriminatory, or extraterritorial taxes imposed by the trading partners on US businesses, workers, and consumers, including a value-added tax”. In other words, US’ trading partners keep their markets closed to its exports. This lack of reciprocity, according to the US President, is unfair and contributes to the US’ large and persistent annual trade deficit, all of which can be remedied by using “reciprocal tariffs”.

While naming India, the “Fair and Reciprocal Plan” states that India’s average tariffs on agricultural products is 39%, but on the same set of products, US’ import tariffs are, on an average, 5%. The Plan also states that India imposes 100% import tariffs on motorcycles, while US’ import tariffs on Indian motorcycles is only 2.4%. Using these examples, the Trump Administration has tried to establish the absence of “reciprocal tariffs” between India and the US, the US President has signalled that he would ensure that “reciprocal tariffs” are enforced.

Forcing India to accept “reciprocal trade” in agriculture could imply slashing India’s tariffs on agricultural products to bring them at par with that of the US or imposing high tariffs on US’ imports of agricultural products from India. Either approach is tantamount to unfair trade as the US would be violating the multilateral trade rules administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Members of the organization impose tariffs in keeping with their commitments taken three decades ago, and they are not permitted to unilaterally alter their tariffs, nor can they force other WTO members to alter theirs. More importantly, under WTO rules, developing countries enjoy “special and differential treatment”, which among other things, allows these countries to impose higher tariffs on imports as compared to their developed country counterparts. In other words, developing countries benefit from “non-reciprocity” in the imposition of tariffs under the WTO rules.

The Trump Administration’s penchant for unilateral imposition of trade policy measures on partner countries would certainly put India at a disadvantage during the proposed BTA negotiations. In all its bilateral free trade negotiations thus far, India successfully argued with its partner countries to exclude major agricultural products in order to provide adequate protection to small farmers, and to prevent these farmers from facing unfair competition from the agri-business companies in the Western world. However, unlike in the past, India is less likely to succeed in excluding major agricultural products like cereals from the scope of the BTA negotiations as the Joint Leaders’ Statement mentions that the two countries would work together to increase trade in agricultural goods.

India should be concerned regarding the imposition of “reciprocal tariffs” as its agricultural sector is being targeted. Using this policy instrument, President Trump’s intent on prying open India’s agricultural markets for US’ agri-business companies. These companies have been dominating the global agricultural market, especially with the help of the ever increasing levels of government subsidies. It has long been recognised that large volumes of farm subsidies distort agricultural markets, making it impossible for the developing countries to either enter the global markets or to protect their own markets, after the IMF and the World Bank compelled most of these countries to liberalise their economies in the 1990s. In the multilateral trade negotiations leading up to the formation of the WTO, the agricultural subsidies were expected to be reined in. However, contrary to expectations, US farm subsidies have increased from $61 billion in 1995 to $217 billion in 2022. Furthermore, while farm subsidies in India are provided for the realisation of domestic food security and rural livelihoods, the beneficiaries of subsidies in the US are the agri-business companies in large global operations.

This implies that Trump Administration’s use of reciprocal tariffs to pry open India’s domestic agricultural markets would raise the spectre of unfair competition between India’s small farmers and the large agri-business companies. This will sound the death knell for the already crisis-ridden Indian agriculture and, consequently, economic disruption in rural India caused by large scale loss of livelihoods. A large country like India can ill-afford to give up its hard earned self-sufficiency in food grains, which helped the country to not only overcome its dependence on imported wheat from the US, but to also escape from US’ unwarranted interference in India’s domestic policies. Since the mid-1960s, every government in India has steadfastly protected the country’s agriculture and the large workforce dependent on agriculture, and the Modi government must ensure that maintenance of the status quo. The economic and political costs for not doing so could be considerable.

(The writer is Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University (Retd) and Distinguished Professor at Council for Social Development)

25.1. Switching from Rice to Alternative Cereals Can Boost Farmer Incomes and Climate Resilience in India

Team RuralVoice, Mar 11, 2025

Study, published in the journal Nature Communications highlights that farmers' decisions regarding which crops to plant are heavily influenced by price fluctuations. The study suggests that economic incentives can play a crucial role in encouraging a shift from rice towards more climate-resilient crops

A new study reveals that shifting from rice cultivation to alternative cereals like millet, maize, and sorghum could significantly reduce climate-induced production losses and simultaneously increase farmer incomes in India.

The open access study, published in the journal Nature Communications highlights that farmers' decisions regarding which crops to plant are heavily influenced by price fluctuations. The study suggests that economic incentives can play a crucial role in encouraging a shift from rice towards more climate-resilient crops.

The joint study has been authored by Dongyang Wei, Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, USA; Leslie Guadalupe Castro, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Ashwini Chhatre, Associate Professor and Executive Director, Bharti Institute of Public Policy, Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, India; Marta Tuninetti, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Italy; and Kyle Frankel Davis, Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA.

Advocating the switch from rice to alternative cereals, the study pinpoints that Indian farmers have always preferred rice for its economic viability. However, rice production is disproportionately affected by climate change. On the other hand, cereals such as millets, maize, and sorghum are climate-resistant and stand to be economically viable too, in the long run.

The study emphasises the optimised allocation of the area under rice, favouring alternative cereals, could reduce climate-induced production losses by 11%. Further, the study points out that shifting to alternative cereals can increase farmers' net profits.

Touching upon the price sensitivity aspect, the study reveals that farmers' planting decisions for alternative cereals are highly sensitive to price changes, thus, offering a lever for policy intervention.

The lead author, Dongyang Wei, Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, USA, states: “Our research demonstrates that by strategically reducing rice cultivation and increasing the cultivation of alternative cereals, India can achieve greater stability in cereal production and improve farmer profitability. This can be achieved without compromising the overall calorie production”.

Ashwini Chhatre, Associate Professor and Executive Director, Bharti Institute of Public Policy, Indian School of Business, says: “This research highlights the need for policymakers to consider the economic factors influencing farmers' decisions and to implement policies that promote the cultivation of climate-resilient crops”.

The study also emphasises the importance of addressing current pricing structures, which often favour rice cultivation due to government support policies. The researchers suggest that well-crafted crop pricing schemes and incentives for climate-resilient crops could be effective tools for promoting a more sustainable agricultural system.

The findings of the study offer valuable insights for policymakers given India’s heavy reliance on rice as well as the need to enhance the resilience of India's food system in the face of increasing climate variability.

25.2. India CO2 Emissions: India's per capita CO2 emissions among lowest in world as green energy capacity surges

IANS, 10 Mar. 2025 ET Gov.

The total capacity added during 2024 amounted to 28.64 GW, representing a significant year-on-year increase of 119.46 per cent compared to the 13.05 GW added in 2023.

NEW DELHI: India, which has emerged as the world's 5th largest economy, also stands out as a country with one of the lowest per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally as it balances growth with sustainability and switches to renewables at a rapid pace.

According to figures compiled in the Hinrich-IMD Sustainable Trade Index (STI), India's per capita CO2 emissions are at a mere 1.9, compared to a corresponding figure of 15.2 for Canada, 15.1 in the case of Australia, and 14.4 for the USA.

The others that follow on the list include Russia with per capita CO2 emissions at 13.3, South Korea (12.3), China (8.9), Japan (8.6), New Zealand (6.6) and the UK at 5.

The Hinrich-IMD Sustainable Trade Index (STI) is a tool that assesses the capacity of 30 global trading economies to engage in trade sustainably, using 72 indicators across economic, societal, and environmental factors, providing insights for policymakers and businesses.

India is among the world leaders in energy transition as it is headed to achieve a target of adding 500 GW of renewable energy capacities by 2030, with solar expected to play a major role in achieving this goal.

India's total renewable energy installed capacity recorded a robust double-digit growth of 15.84 per cent to touch 209.44 GW as of December 2024, from 180.80 GW in December 2023, according to figures compiled by the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).

The total capacity added during 2024 amounted to 28.64 GW, representing a significant year-on-year increase of 119.46 per cent compared to the 13.05 GW added in 2023.

The solar power sector spearheaded this growth with the addition of 24.54 GW, reflecting a 33.47 per cent rise in its cumulative installed capacity from 73.32 GW in 2023 to 97.86 GW in 2024. Wind energy also contributed to this expansion, with an additional 3.42 GW installed in 2024, increasing the total wind capacity to 48.16 GW, a growth of 7.64 per cent from 2023, the figures showed.

Bioenergy has also shown significant growth, with its installed capacity rising from 10.84 GW in December 2023 to 11.35 GW in December 2024, reflecting a 4.70 per cent increase. Small hydro power projects saw an incremental growth, with installed capacity increasing from 4.99 GW in 2023 to 5.10 GW in 2024, representing a 2.20 per cent rise.

"MNRE has been taking various key initiatives to achieve Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030, reflecting India's dedication to fulfilling its climate commitments while strengthening energy security. These figures underscore the government's continued efforts to scale up renewable energy capacity in India," an official statement said.

Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Karnataka have emerged as the leading states in solar capacity additions while the top 10 states accounted for 94 per cent of total installations.

***

AAPI

Pages

Saturday, 15 March 2025

Newsletter, March 2025

– GENERAL POLICY, INFRASTRUCTURES, COUNTRY FINANCES, ETC.

– AGRICULTURE, FISHING & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

– INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURE

– SERVICES (IT, R&D, Tourism, Healthcare, etc.)

NEWSLETTER, March 2025

– GENERAL POLICY, INFRASTRUCTURES, COUNTRY FINANCES, ETC.

- Agriculture, Fishing and Rural Development

- Industry and Manufacture

- Services (Education, Healthcare, IT, R&D, Tourism, etc.)

India and the World